Amarillo Sunday News-Globe (Amarillo, Tex.), Vol. 13, No. 33, Ed. 1 Sunday, August 14, 1938 Page: 58 of 264
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PAGE TWO-SECTION B
AM ARIL IP SUNDAY NEWS AND GLOBE, AMARILLO. TEXA3.
GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY EDITION. 1988.
T^E GRANDEE AND THE INDIAN
(Continued from Page 1)
rlgo Ma Irion ado, pitching camp near
the walls o£ the second town.
Early one morning Don Diego's
ipies found the besieged Indiana of
the near-by village attempting to
Blip past the Spanish lines and make
their way into the foothills. The
company was assembled and gave
chase, riding down the Indians with
their horses or hacking them to
death with their swords. Scores
of them were left dead or dying on
the plain. Then the Spaniards re-
turned to the village where a hun-
dred women and children were
cowering in thPlr houses. They mad*
captives of them, and plundered
the town with usual Spanish thor-
oughness.
About the same time the Indians
In the other besieged village also
tried to slip away, taking the wom-
en and children who remained with
them. Early in the morning they
passed close to the sleeping cav-
alry of Don Rodrigo, the warriors
rr.rrchlng In file with the women
and children between the lines. A
santrv saw their shadowy shapes
In tha cloudy dawn and gave the
alarm. Amid shouts and a great
rattling of armor and sabers, the
Spaniards made ready for the pur-
suit. But the Indians attacked
quickly, killing one Spaniard,
wounding others, and felling a
horse, before the men of Don ROO-
rigo could go into action.
But finally the cursing men of
Spain mounted and rod' into the
ranks of the Indians, cutting them
down mercilessly. Relentlessly the
mailed soldiers drove both men and
women back toward the swift and
icy Rio Grande. Like milling cat-
tip the fugitives were herded into
tha river. Many drowned; others
were cut down as they tried to
reach the ice-crusted banks. Only
a handf.il rsrapeo. Most of these
were found by the Spaniards the
following day along the river, ex-
hausted and numb from exposure.
They were brought back to camp,
retired and made personal slaves to
the grandees.
After mopping-up excursions into ,
the other villages of Tlguez. Jh"e I
a few of the Indians had held out, |
the siege was ended. It was late >
in March, 1541. |
Coronado had had enough. II I
was time to start for Quivlra and
be wanted no more trouble with the
Indians. So he spent the next three
r. -^ks trying to reassure the nngn-
boring provinces that he meant no
harm, probably insisting that the ;
affair at Tiguez was for their own ,
coori. Some of the villages didn t
wait for him. but sent messengers
of good-will, hoping to escape the :
fate of Tiguez. j
The general had picked Cicuye,
n*ar the present site of Pecos on
the Pecos river, as the base for
hi* expedition. It will be remem-
bered (hat Alvarado had captured
the aged governor of this province
and a pular military leader whom
they called Whiskers, and was hold-
ing them as hostages. Coronado,
tn order to insure the cooperation i
of the Cicuye Indians, conceived the [
Idea of returning the aged governor j
fo his home, as evidence of good
faith, but holding Whiskers until
he was ready to leave, to prevent a
possible uprising.
As Coronado prepares his armv
for the march eastward into the !
country of the Turk, let us go back
a few months and trace events that
brought, this band of mailed and
bearded Spanish grandees Into the
land of the Pupblo Indians, and out
onto the vast Llano F.stacado—the
Raked Plains of Texas.
II.
Francisco Vasque* de Coronado,
s nativn of Salamanca, Spain, who
ber'ame traveling inspector for the
province of New Spain, now South- :
ern Mexico, under Viceroy Anto- j
nio de Menrioza. and later gover-
nor of the province of New Oall-
cia was not the first Spaniard to
"ccfe the legendary Seven Cities of '
Cibola. In 1530, just 10 years be- j
fore Coronado organized hts expe-
dition, an Indian slave named Tejo,
In the service of Nuno de Guzman. \
president of #the administrative |
council of New Spain, told his
master stories of vast wealth to the I
north. His father, he said, had
.tourneyed several times tn the land
of the Seven Cities and had re-
turned laden with gold and silver.
Tn fart, when he was a boy, Tejo
related, his father took him on one
of these expeditions, and they vis-
ited seven large cities—as large as
the City of Mexico—in which silver
was abundant,. It, was a 40-dav
Journey, much of it through >a
scorching wilderness.
Thus Tejo joins the Turk as one
of history's most gifted liars.
Guzman, as gullible and as blind-
e<-' hv the flash of precious metal
as was Coronado later, fitted out
an expedition and led it northward.
But his 400 Spanish gentlemen and
2,000 Indians encountered the
mountains of Western Mexico, be-
yond the limits of the organized
Spanish provinces as then consti-
tuted, and spent weeks trying to
find a pass to the north. The gran-
deps berame Impatient; their busi-
nesses hark in New Spain needed
attention, and Tejos story had be-
gun to wear thin. So the expe-
dition was abandoned, although the
stories of the 8even Cities persisted.
In 1536, while Coronado was In-
spector general of the province of
New Spain, four derelicts from the
Narvaez expedition to Florida ap-
peared In the City of Mexico. This
quartet of three Spaniards and a
huge black Moor were the survivors
of an ill-fated party which became
lost In Florida, and made their way
across the country to the Gulf and
down through Mexico to the prov-
ince of New Spain. The leader was
Cabeza de Vara, and with him were
two Spaniards named Dorantes and
Castillo Maldonario, and Black Ste-
phen. an arrogant tvgro who had
delusloas of grandeur and a way
with women.
DeVaca wrote and talked at
length about what he had seen and
heard—mostly heard. He had en-
countered Indians who told him of
cities to the north in which the
houses were four and five stories
high. Black Stephen added rumors
of fantastic people and unheard of
wealth. It all fitted with Tejo's stor-
ies of the Seven Cities.
Mendoza pondered these tales
carefully, but he was not so pre-
cipitate as Guzman. He did not
act immediately, but shortly after
he had appointed Coronado gov-
ernor of New Galicia, a frontier
province of Mexico, he called the
Salamanca grandee in for a con-
ference.
"You have heard, no doubt, the
stories of the Seven Cities to the
north of us?" the viceroy sug-
gested.
"I certainly have," Coronado re-
plied, "to say nothing of the tales
brought by DeVaca and the Moor."
"What do you suggest?" asked
Mendoza cautiously.
"It occurs to me." replied Coro-
nado carefully, "that we might send
Stephen the Moor, in the company
of those three Franciscan friars
who have been seeking to expand
the sphere of their good work, into
the wilderness to the north of Cu-
liacan, and see what lies there in
the name of God and His Gracious
Majesty, King Philip. After that,
if their reports be good—who
knows? Perhaps I. myself—"
"It is good," smiled the Viceroy.
"Let us act."
And so Coronado summoned Friar
Marcos, a remarkable man who had
already done some notable explor-
ing, principally with Don Perdo de
Alvarado on an expedition to Peru.
Friar Marcos brought with him two
companions, Friar Antonio de San-
ta Maria and a lay brother called
Friar Daniel. Black Stephen then
was found, probably bragging and
in his cups in some City of Mexico
tavern, and Coronado started north
with this strange quartet.
They followed the coast into the
province of New Galicia. the north-
ern outpost of the Spanish empire
in the new world. Here, in the
capital city of Culiacan, an Indian
village which had been converted
into a boom town and army post bv
the Spaniards, Coronado made his
headquarters, and dispatched the
three friars and Black Stephen
northward to see what they could
find in the name of God and the
King.
The three holy men and the ne-
gro had a rough journey before
them, as Culiacan was near the
mouth of the Gulf of California, and
It was some 500 miles northward to
what is now the New Mexico bor-
der. And it was beyond this bor-
der desert, known by the Spanish as
"The Wilderness," that the seven
cities lay.
Black Stephen was on familiar
ground. He and the other three
refugees from the Narvae/, expe-
dition had wandered into the wilds
of northern Mexico on their search
for New Spain, and the scattered
Indian tribes remembered the huge
negro.
Stephen was acquisitive and pos-
sessed a strange attraction for the
child-like savages. Arrogant and
boasting, he made friends with the
tribesmen, added every comely wom-
an he. met to his harem, and invited
all and sundry who wished to see
the world to join Black Stephen.
Friar Marcos and his brethren re-
sented such tactics. How could
they do the work of God and con-
vert these poor heathen if the im-
patient Stephen insisted on push-
ing forward with his retinue? The
unholy Moor even insisted upon
traveling on Sunday!
So they agreed fo part. Stephen
was to go on alone, and the friars
would follow leisurely and join him
tn legendary Cibola, where the seven
fabled cities glittered in the sun.
But Stephen made the mistake so
often made by explorers of new
lands. He underestimated the in-
telligence of the natives. The child-
like savages from the California
gulf country who followed him into
the desert were far different from
the civilized and suspicious pueblo
dwellers north of the wilderness.
Into these villages Stephen
marched like a conqueror with his
coterie of women and slaves. At
first, the Indians paid little at-
tention to him, and it is likely that
the Moor, after regaling his hosts-
through interpreters—with stories
of his own prowess and of the lands
through which he had passed, dealt
commercially with them. The pu-
eblo Indians were not averse to
owning slaves, and as Stephen is
known to have gathered robes and
turquoises and cunningly-fashioned
tools and weapons as he went, it
is possible that he traded unsus-
pecting members of his entourage
both men and women—for them.
♦ • ♦
But Stephen's expedition cam#
to a sudden and inglorious end in
one of the pueblos of the Cibola
country. The elders of the village
questioned him at length, and re-
quired him to remain in a sentry's
hut for three days while they de-
cided what to do about, him Ste-
phen had told them about the friars
who were on their way to Cibola,
sent by a great Lord who knew
of things in the sky to instruct
the viceroy, Mendosa, that th«
stories of the Seven Cities un-
doubtedly were true. The work of
organizing the expedition was be-
gun immediately.
Friar Marcos was promoted for
his daring explorations, being madp
Father Provincial of the Order of
St. Francis. The Franciscan pul-
pits of New Spain at once became
fountalnheads of propaganda for
the proposed expedition, and in
a few days 300 Spaniards and 800
natives had volunteered for serv-
ice. Coronado, being Mendoza's
closest' friend and author of the
idea, was appointed captain-gen-
eral.
Excitement filled New Spain as
some #00 miles to the mountain-
hemmed desert on th« Arirona-
New Mexico border, they started
back to New Spain to report on
what they had found-or rather, on
what they had not found. They
came upon Coronado in camp at
Chlametla.
In spite of all the cagy general
couid do to keep the report quiet,
the news leaked out. It was told
in ominous whispers about camp
that Coronado's scouts had found
no trace of Cibola. Things looked
black. But, as we said some time
ago, Filar Marcos was a remarkable
man. He gathered the Spaniards
together.
• Men," he said, "The good cap-
the expedition was gathered. Men- ! tains that our general sent north-
doza railed a mass meeting of the
Spanish grandees who had volun-
teered, and with the tart that char-
acterized all his acts, explained
that if it were in his power he
would appoint, each of them cap-
tain-general of an army.
ward did not go fur enough. It
was beyond the wilderness that
Stephen found the. rich cities of
Cibola, His servants told me about
it. Surely vou are not going to
desert your God and your king now,
with victory within jour grasp.
of socially-prominent Spaniards,
who conceived the idea of a sham
battle to welcome their compatriots
to the thriving city of the north.
As Coronado approached the town
he found the soldiers of the military
past there arrayed before the gates,
and seven bronze cannon pointing
their muzzles at his army. Enter-
ing into the spirit of the occasion,
tne genu al drew up his troops in
battle formation. Both sides fired
into the air, and the "defenders"
fell back as though routed, allow-
ing Coronado to "capture" the city.
It was all quite jolly and clever,
except that a Culiacan canoneer ac-
cldentally lost a hand in the cele-
bration.
Here the army rested Tor several
days. Food was plentiful In Culia-
can, and the soldiers, more prac-
tical now than when they started
from Compostela with the cheers
of Mendoza's farewell delegation
ringing in their ears, left some of
their velvet tunics and embossed
toilet cases with their friends at
the outpost, and accepted stores
of supplies in their stead.
The confused picture of magic
cities with temples and palaces of
fine stone and courtyards paved
W/A
maintain contact between his van-
guard and the main body.
The army was to move north-
ward, and then send a scouting
party to the coast to contact the
ships which carried the baggage and
bulky supplies. Sailing northward
under tho command of one Captain
Alarcon, the supply fleet encoun-
tered adventures of its own, but
they make up another story. The
contact with the army was never
made, Alarcon growing impatient
and returning to New Spain before
the slow-moving troops, now many
miles inland, could catch up.
Coronado's picked horsemen and
native fort soldiers moved rapidly
northward. They encountered rov-
ing tribes of savages, some warlike,
others peaceable At last they found
themselves in the fertile valley of
th" Sonora River in Northern Mex-
ico, inhabited by a comparatively
civilized tribe of deerskin-clad In-
dians. It. was known as the Valley
of Hearts, bpcause DeVaca, who
passed through on his wanderings
from Florida to New Spain, had
reported that the natives there pre-
sented him with the hearts of many
animals.
Corn, beans and squash were
plentiful here, and Coronado gath-
ered what food he needed for his
troops while the stoical Indians sur-
veyed in awe these strange beard-
ed men astride their steeds. So
the beauty and fertil
River—now known a* Zunl River.
Here they gratefully made camp and
staked out their horses to rest. In-
vestigation disclosed that the muddv
river held fish—"mullets like those
of Spain." As they rested some of
the soldiers spied two Indians sur-
veying the ramp from across the riv-
ed, With a shout the Spaniard hail-
ed them—the first natives they had
seen in many a day. But the Indians
fled, dodging through the brush.
"That means trouble," muttered
the tired general as the incident wai
reported to him. "No doubt they
were from Cibola, or some other
village. And if their tribe is warlike,
we'll have a fight on our hands."
The next day they saddled and re-
sumed their march toward th«
northeast. Unmistakable evidence
that the country was inhabited
greeted them. Dim trails were lound:
the carcass of a deer with an arrow
through Its heart lay across their
path.
Thp following night they camped
about seven miles from their goal—
although they were not aware of It.
The Spaniards set their watch, and
most of them retired to their tents,
or t"o improvised beds beneath the
stars. Suddenly an ungodly srream
ripped the stillness of the desert
night. Then another, and another
The yelling grew until the camp of
the Spaniards was in confusion. Or-
ders were given to saddle for an at-
tack—an attack on what, nobody
knew. Some of the less experienced
were so so excited they
lew tiicir saddles on backward.
I,hem In divine matters. He de-
scribed them as white men.
Now that was probably Stephen's
mistake. The elders couldn't un-
derstand how a creature with blark
skin could be the emissary of white
I men. And besides, Stephen's de-
: mands for turquoises and women
! seemed a bit out of line to them.
| So with due solemnity they ruled
| that Stephen must die.
Tlius ended the colorful career of
the arrogant African, who must
be given some sort of niche among
j the early explorers of the South-
west.
The story is told that Stephen had
agreed to send a party of Indians
i back from Cibola with news of any
! riches he might find there. If he
found an ordinary country, with
no gold and silver, he was to send
I back a small wooden cross. If
moderate wealth were discovered,
he was to send a larger cross; and
j if great wealth were available, he
was to send a huge cross. Shortly
| after his death, the story goes,
three Indians, staggering under the
burden of a mammoth wooden cross,
rame upon the three friars who
were struggling across the desert in
j Stephen's wake. The holy men thus
| returned to Mexico with a story of
j the fabulous cities of Cibola,
But this probably is a myth. Hls-
i tory records that the Pueblo In-
! dians, after exec 1 ;g Stephen and
selecting a fe„ of the finer speci-
mens of young men among his fol-
lowers for slaves, shooed the rest
back along the trail to Mexico, This
bedraggled and frightened com-
pany of fiO Mexico savages came
upon the good friars in the desert
some 175 miles south of Cibola and
told them of Stephen's fate. The
friars, fearing that these Indians
had themselves done away with the
negro and might have similar de-
signs upon their own lives, opened
their packs and distributed every-
thing they had except their vest-
ments among Stephen's followers.
Then the friars gathered their
robes about them and hurried back
to Culiacan to report to Coronado.
Stephen's followers, to whom a
four-story pueblo was something of
a miracle and a handful of tur-
quoises a fortune, had babbled of
the marvels of wealth of Ciboia;
and Friar Marcos relayed these tales
to Coronado, who was waiting at
Culiacan. Tine good general need-
ed no more urging. He rushed back
to the City of Mexico and informed
The Spaniards marveled at these tinge, shaggy 'cows'
"Inasmuch as that is impossible, | Surely you are not going to return
I shall issue commissions to those
of you fitted for the various posts,"
he pointed out. "But I want you
to know that my best wishes and
friendship go with every man, from
the general to the pack-bearer."
The good viceroy was roundly
cheered, and it was decided that
everybody should gather at, Com-
postela, near the coast, the largest
und southernmost town in the new
province of Galicia.
Coronado wound up his affairs
as governor of New Galicia, checked
over his estates there, bade good-
bye to r,is beautiful wife Donna
Beatrice. Rr.d rode into Compo-
stela. There the viceroy was wait-
ing, and the grandees and native
soldiers who bad joined the ex-
pedition were pouring into town.
After a farewell celebration, with
Cristobal de Onate, mayor of Com- j
post.ela, as host, at which Mendoza ;
made another speech; and after the
final mass was said, the army at
last headed north along the coast.
The honeymoon with adventure
was brief. Although most of the
heavy baggage was carried up the
coast by boat, the Spaniards found
the going rough and slow. Few of
them were hardy explorers, al-
though here and there was a grim
veteran of earlier expeditions to '<
Peru. Their shiny armor became
heavy; their packs kept coming un-
bound; their horses were fat and
sleek and stubborn. Tempers wore
thin before the first fortnight was
up. And when the popular army- ;
master, Lo|>e de Samanicgo, and
half a dozen companions were set
upon by natives as they foraged for
food in the village of Chiametla.
and Don Lope was carried back j
to camp with an arrow through the
eye, some of the grandees were
ready to call it a day.
• • *
But the blow that nearly broke
up the expedition before it, got well j
under way fell before the army
broke ramp at Chiametla. Several
months earlier, when the talkative
Friar Marcos returned to Culiacan
and reported on his journey with
Black Stephen into the wilderness. !
Coronado had sent two of his 1
captains northward to verify, If
possible, his story. After ranging
to Mexico and let someone else
reap the fortunes that lie beyond
the wilderness. Gold and silver
and precious stones await you, and
a rich and fertile land is begging
you to plant the banner of Chris-
tianity and the flag of King Philip
in its snil! What say you, men?"
Twas ever thus. The hardened
and skeptical Spaniards, swayed by
the oratory of the friar, sent up
cheer after cheer. And Coronado, In
his tent, smiled in his beard. The
crisis was over. Mavbe there ■were
no Seven Cities, but he couldn't
afford to back out until he had led
his army beyond the frontier to
make sure. It would ruin him po-
litically. God bless Friar Marcos!
Once more the army of Coronado
i look tip the march along the coast
j to Culiacan. the jumping-off place
j into the wilds of northern Mexico,
Here, a fortnight or so later, a
i pleasant bit of horseplay took place,
Culiacan boasted quite a settlement
-richer and more
with gold
lous than the cities Cortez found
south of Mexico in the isthmian
tropics and Peru—continued to fade
The soldiers of Coronado weren't
so sure now that they would need
courtly robes and the appurtenances
of civilization in Cibola. Food and
drink, sturdy armor, sharp-pointed
lances and plenty of horses—these
they were certain to need. But
nothing else. So they began to
strip the expedition to essentials.
It was the day after Easter in the
year 1540 that Coronado entered
Culiacan. After two weeks of rest-
ing and replenishing supplies, Cor-
onado determined to go ahead with
some "75 horsemen, a company of
struck with
It-y of the valley was Coronado, that
hp sent a messenger back to the,
army—bv this time a month or i
morp behind—with orders to es-; A score or more of the veteran-.
Uhlish a village in the Valley of soon were mounted and circled the
Hearts and maintain it until it was | ramp, their horses crashing through
tell northward and join J the underbrush ir the dark. The
£,• i ribola 1 vplllnK stopped. Dim forms were seen
Coronado's hopes, buoyed by his j slipping away. Tfti horsemen gave
visH in the vallev were to be dashed chase, but the thickets and gullies
1 He'led his men due north baffling them and the heckling In-
through a rough and dry land, and dians escaped.
signs of human life became infre- | Nerves were on edge the next mor-
quent He would ride for days with- ins as the troopei* saddled for the
out seeing a native. He began to ; march on what they were now cer-
worry and at last, as he reached the j tain was Cibola. What was in store
edge of what he called "the wilder- for them? Gold and silver and pre-
nesr" his suspicions were all but clous stones, or arrows and rocks
confirmed. Here he found the ghost showering them from the squalid vil-
rity of Chichiltecale at the foot of lage of another trible of dirty sav-
the mountains that hem in the des- ages?
ert beyond the San Francisco River i At last it came into sight. Cibola!
along the Arizona-New Mexico bor- The fabled Seven Cities where Black
der. Only one house remained stand- Stephen met his death!
fabu- | ing. and its roof was caved in. I het e , The company stopped. Coronado
were evidences that Chichiltecale j in his dusty armor and plumed
had been a thriving settlement °'j belmet. sat his beautiful horse
red adobe dwellings, but it long since
had been deserted. The Indians Cor-
onado had expected to find here
with news of what lay beyond were
ghosts.
Thus he was greetPd at the gate-
way to Cibola with a vast silence and
a forbidding desert. And it was with
considerable misgivings that the
Spaniards pushed on across the
mountains into the wilderness.
For lb days Coronado, his gilt
armor shining in the shimmering
desert sun and the plume on his
helmet hent, by the dust-laden wind,
led his little army across the wastes
to the north, skirting rugged hills
30 native Indians on foot, and a j and plowing through sand. Food and
group of friars. The main army, j water ran low, and the proud soldiers : baronies,"iindergrounri 'ftstufas'"and
made up of a thousand mounted |of Spain went on short rations. The j judder1* The village accommodated
soldiers. Indian foot troops, and a , horses grew thin and their breathing , ;TOme 200 families
sizable herd of pack horses, was to labored. | "There are ranch house* In New
follow in a fortnight. The. general ! At, last they rame to a silt-filled j
arranged a system of runners to j,stream which they called the Red I (Continued On Page Four)
at
the head of his swarthy warriors.
A shoit. went up from the little
army—a shout of lage and dlsap-
, ointment. Friar Marcos' ears must
have bmned that day, for his holy
orethren scanning the 'dobe village
alongside the column of norsemen,
averted their faces In shame at the
curses that lose to the burning
i.eaven—curses damning the friar to
: thousand deaths because of his
'ales of Cibola.
The town that presented It,self
was one of seven villages of the
provin,— of Cibola much like those
of Tigjez. It was roughly circular
.i. shaoe, with the houses three,
four and five stories high. Built of
xriobe, ft had the same Jnner court.,-,,
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O. M. FRANKLIN SERUM CO..
310 Polk Street —Amarillo, Texas
FORT WORTH DENVER
MARFA KANSAS CITY ALLIANCE
WICHITA
SALT LAKE CITY
EL PASO
LOS ANGELES
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Amarillo Sunday News-Globe (Amarillo, Tex.), Vol. 13, No. 33, Ed. 1 Sunday, August 14, 1938, newspaper, August 14, 1938; Amarillo, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth299921/m1/58/: accessed April 30, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Hutchinson County Library, Borger Branch.