Amarillo Sunday News-Globe (Amarillo, Tex.), Vol. 13, No. 33, Ed. 1 Sunday, August 14, 1938 Page: 28 of 264
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PAGE I"OUR—SECTION A
AMARILLO SUNDAY NEWS AND GLOBE, AMARILLO. TEXAS.
OOIjDEN ANNIVERSARY EDITION. 1938.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL HISTORY
(Continued Irom Page 1)
made today for the tourist trade.
The purpose of the groove or flute
along the sides of the point Is not
known. It Ls thought that It was
done for hatting purposes or to
make the points lighter.
• • •
ThRt the maker of this point
lived In the Panhandle at the same
time as the elephant has been well
established. At Clovis, N. M.. chip-
ped flint of the Folsom type was
territory. No one knows when they
came, why they left or where they
went. There is some reason to be-
lieve that the Panhandle culture
may have been ancestral to the later
Pueblo tribes.
In their stay In the Panhandle
these people left a lasting reminder
of their existence. Over a hundred
of their house ruins have been
mapped by Floyd V. Studer, director
of archaeology for the Panhandle
Plains Historical Museum. One
great communal site had over 400
found in direct association with rooms.
elephant remains by scientists from j They practiced agriculture on a
the University of Pennsylvania. At j large scale. Many charred corncobs
Miami, In Roberts County, Judge j are found in the excavation of the
J. A. Mead found a stone dart lying ; rooms. They probably carried on
directly between two ribs of an some sort of trade with neighboring
elephant and associated with the < tribes, because extraneous material
teeth and other bones of the ani- such as turquoise and obsidian from
mal. New Mexico and shells found only
These Folsom men probably cross-; on lhe Pacific coast have been
ed into Alaska at the Bering Strait screened fr°m the ruins. Thejj-
some 25,000 years ago in search of ! close proxim ty to a flint mine gav«
game. It was an inter-glacial 'hem a position of power in ie
period and the climate of both Si- realms of prt-Spzrdah finance
beria and Alaska was a great deal Their w;orkl"f'in',hf^RP^"m
esbbssseawwh
these ancient men followed their lnches lonB- , , ,
food supply. They spread along Their houses were usually single-
the foot of the Rockies where an , storied affairs of rook and adobe.
Ice-free corridor had formed and The fireplace was a circular bowl-
eventually reached the Panhandle j like pit in the parked clay of the
Immediately between the wet period floor. The walls were postered on
and the gradual drying up charac- 'he inside and in some of the houses
teristic of areas affected but not | were_ found ventilator _snatts_ above
globular-shaped vessels with a bas-
ket or cord imprint on the outside.
Their ceramic art indicates a far
older people than the Pueblos to
the southwest.
Food was composed largely of
bison, deer, antelope, rabbit, turkey,
me.srfuite beans, plums, grapes,
acorns and most Important of all,
Indian corn.
Burials are usually found near the
ruins or on mesa tops. A few ir-
regularly shaped stones were laid
over the grave as a .sort of monu-
ment. The bodies were usually
flexed (that is buried with the knees
under the chin) and contain few
mortuary offerings. One burial con-
■■ ■ y.
rear the present site of Clovis and
made numerous hunting trips into
the Llano for buffalo. In all prob-
ability their ancestors drove the es-
tablished agriculturists out of the
Panhandle. The high plains was a
hotly contested region in those days.
The Aparhe hunted the pla'ns and
preyed on the Pueblos. Ijater when
they were driven off the plains by
the Comanche a small band of the
Apache was cut off from the main
body and stayed until very recent
times on the headwaters of the Ca-
nadian River. Later they were
transferred to a reservation in
Oklahoma. The main body was de-
prived of their lands and moved into
Mexico where they mad« life mis-
erable for Mexican and white men
for several decades. Cochise, Whoa
and Geronimo are three Apache
chiefs who outsmarted the United
■> -: *>
peace treaty In 17D0. The Kiowa
had advanced along the foot of the
mountains and had begun to push
the Comanche westward. Tney met
at a Spanish settlement southwest-
ward from the river and a ranged
a permanent peace. This settlement
according to James Mooney, Smith-
sonian ethnologist, ls now the New
Mexican town of Las Vegas.
Now there began a hundred-year
period of fame and glory for lhe
Plains Indian and a ruthless and
calculating conquest by the govern-
ment. Every treaty that was ever
made between Indian and white
man was broken by white man. The
Indians' untutored mind could not
quite grasp the obstru.se logic of the
white man that would make stealing
the Indian's land and butchering
the buffalo, which was his livelihood,
'a phase of national expansion and
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traversed by glaciers.
It Ls not to be understood that
the same individual who crossed
into Alaska lived to pitch a spoar
into an elephant in Roberts County.
It was a slow migration and prob-
ably took several thousand years
and countless generations.
To them the Panhandle msut have
been a land flowing with buffalo
and flint. Larger bison than to-
day's variety roamed grassy plains.
Several large flint quarries offered
to early man a material as highly
valued as modern man does steel.
They had it all to themselves. It
was several thousand years before
they were bothered by other migra-
,tory tribes coming out of Asia.
In the Panhandle the period be-
tween the Folsom man and the next
existing culture Ls marked by a gap
of several thousand years of which
little is known. It was known that
new tribes were pouring Into the
land from Siberia, however. Bru-
net Mediterranean types. Australian
tvpes, long-headed peoples and last-
ly the Asiatic Mongoloid came Into
t'he new land. This heterogeneous
Infusion of new tribes Ls responsible
for the multiple and varied types
of present day Indians. The in-
coming tribes either fought or in-
terbred (or both) producing a hy-
brid population.
The next culture recognized in
t.hp Panhandle was markedly differ-
ent and strictly indigenous to this
the fireplaces, a primitive form of
air-conditioning. Storage pits or
cpsts lined with rock or plas-
ter were dug in the floors of some of
the houses. Several floor levels in-
dicate that new clay was brought
In and a new floor made over the
old one.
• • •
A kiva or ceremonial room was
found in one ruin, Indicating that
this race had a definite religion.
It was a circular room similar in
many respects to those of the rueblo
tribes. Nearly every Pueblo type of
artifact has been found in the ruins
except grooved axes and mauls and
decorated pottery.
Some of the ruins have been
found on mesa tops, sonw on the
plains above the flood level of streams
as on Wolf Creek In Ochiltree
County. Nearly every group is sep-
arated by a stream bed. As a rule
they are so well hidden that often
the ranch owner does not know they
exist on his property.
The Panhandle boasted a compar-
atively heavy population those days.
In one community of seven com-
munal houses, all within a radius
of one mile, Floyd Studer estimated
over 3.000 people lived.
They utilized pots and other type
of vessels to a large degree. The
pots were made for cooking pur-
poses only and show little attempt
at decoration. Most of the pottery
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violation of a treaty that stipulated
the hunters were to stay above the
Cimmaron River and the Indians
were to stay below It. The Indians
had every right to see that the en-
croachers upon their property were
driven out.
Tales of Indian cruelty have
reached amazing size In the con-
stant retelling of Indian fight brav-
ery. Although the history books
never mention it, nearly as many of
the old scouts and buffalo hunters
took scalps as did the Indians. Col-
onel Cliinington, a leader of a group
of border ruffians, attacked an un-
armed camp of Cheyenne without
reason or notice and killed over 700
of them, about half being women
and children. He piled the reeking
scalps in a show window in the
Denver Theater and was acclaimed
a hero and a savior of the white
code against the "varmints."
The plains Indian could not tol-
erate restraint or injustice. He had
enough of the white man's justice.
The period from 1865 to 1875 was
one of much warfare. There was
never a dull moment for army offi-
cers. Indian agenls and railroad
workers. A Lieutenant Elliot at-
tacked a small group of Cheyenne
on the Washita and was In the pro-
cess of claiming another white vic-
tory by wiping out the women and
children of the unprepared tribe,
when another party of Ch yenne
outflanked him and turned It into
an Indian massacre by wiping out
Elliot and hLs party.
The Indian bureau at Washington
made affairs more complicated. The
department would bloom out every
so often with a new series of policies
which the Plains tribes would con-
strue as cowardice. The military
A Thriving New Store
The C. R- Anthony Company store
in Amarillo is among the youngest
in the Anthony group, but is now
doing the greatest volume of busi-
ness of the 56 stoics in Texas, Okla-
homa and Kansas.
The Amarillo store, carrying a
stock upward of $100,000, has 31 em-
ployes and an annual payroll of
approximately $30,000, according to
Clyde Davis, manager.
This company has an annual ad-
vertising budget in excess of $12,000
all of which Ls spent In Amarillo
and vicinity.
The C. R. Antlioiiy Company op-
erates general department stores in
three southwestern states, and all
of Its $1,500,000 stock ls owned by
Its managers and employes, said Mr.
DavLs. There is not a single stock-
holder who is not connected with
the company in some capacity.
Seventeen years ago. C. R. An-
thony, operating a store at Gush-
ing, Okla., found his business pros-
pering to the extent that he was
compelled to expand to other cities.
One at a time, he added stores, and
A City Builder
Amarillo was still in its swaddling
clothes when A. Eberstadt decided
to cast his lot here. Arriving for
a visit in 1800, Young Eberstadt
studied the future of this lenltory
and witnessed Amarillo experiencing
extreme growing pains. So in 1001,
he moved here—lock, stock and bar-
rel—and called Amarillo home.
"At that time," he relates, "there
was no street paving here and very
few sidewalks. These were of wood-
| cn construction and mostly in the
vicinity of the Amarillo Hotel, an
ornate frame structure at Third and
Polk streets.
"Amarillo was a typical West
Texas mushroom town; things were
humming, hustling and bustling.
Everybody just seemed to know that
some day Amarillo would be the
capital of the Panhandle."
Mr. Eberstadt had a hand in the
building of this city, being active-
ly engaged as a real estate operator
and constructing some of the early-
wotild be left in the dark as to the . , „ , , , ,
extent of their duties and usually j staffs trained In his own group, said
adopted their own tactics for deal- ' ^r- Davis.
later he pooled all of them In one i business houses here.
corporation and issued common j ,'.T built the firRt steam-heated
stock, permitting employes to be- Blll]dlnc jn Amarillo, and many peo-
come part owners and share in the j p!p ]nUghed at me, saying that
earnings. j steam heat wouldn't work," he re-
in these 17 years, the group has ; ia(PS- This building now stands at,
grown to 56 stores in Kansas, Okla- thp nnru1We.stc orner of the lnter-
homa, New Mexico and Texas, this SPC(jon 0f Fourth Avenue nnd Tolk
state having eight,. During the de- j street. A number of other busi-
velopment period, Mr. Anthony has : npss buildings later were put up
never employed a manager from nut- j1Pr0 |1V Mr Eberstadt.
side the organization, always choos- j During tiie many years he has
ing his store managers from sales bpen a ro.;ident of Amarillo he has
M
ing with the redskins. The whole
story of our government's inter-
course with this race is an unbrok-
en narrative of injustice, fraud and
robbery.
Mr. Anthony has a reputation for
permitting his sales people to pur-
chase stock in the Anthony store
group from their incomes and share
in the profits of the company. This,
~~4,. -jgi-
However, when lhe fight was fin-I he finds- promotes employe loyally,
ally out in the open the Indians j ri*ults In more determined efmrts
rpjlrv i on the part of workers, and pcr-
didn't. pull all their punches.
served twice as chairman of the
Red Cross drive and for nine con-
secutive years he was president of
the Gentile Charities, which later
became the Community Chest. He
also was active in Y. M. C. A. cam-
paigns during the World War, and
for eight years he headed the char-
j ity activities of the Elks lodge. He
has headed the Christmas baskets
broken pieces of pottery.
The Panhandle Pueblos must have
lived in their pre-historic apartment
houses unmolested for a long time.
Then for some unknown reason they
suddenly took up all their movable
belongings and silently stole away.
It is conjectured that predatory In-
dians drove them out. It may have
been famine or pestilence. What-
ever it was, it caused a wholesale
evacuation of the Panhandle Pueblos
who moved away to some mysteri-
ous place that no archaeologist
knows about as yet.
The next tribe found on the Es-
tacado were the Apache. Onat.e
mentioned that in 1598 the Apaches
seems to have been round-bottomed, I were on the plains of New Mexico
Photo Courtesy Floyd SturtT
ANCIENT MAN found the Panhandle to his liking and built, houses of many
rooms here. Several communal house groups with as many as three or four hun-
dred rooms have been unearthed. Above is a scene at one such excavation.
tained only a hidescraper and a few i States army for several years along j stealing of livestock from the set-
tier a crime to be punished by retri-
butive raids and white victories
(massacres,!.
and
desperately m'ts them to accumulate something j campaign two years, and was ac'.i
I ♦ V Om ealitnc n-Ulla On ftiinrr n j j y _ .> ,< « > i m i . r .
the border.
About the beginning of the 18th
century the Comanche left their
country between the Yellowstone
and the Platte rivers and moved to
the South Plains. The Comanche
Buffalo Bill once said that every
time he led a, IT. S. army troop
were in some respects the most re- against, the Indians he knew that
markable of all Indian tribes. For they were always in the right and
a hundred and fifty years they fol- the whites always in the wrong,
lowed a war trail that led from the History ran show no parallel to
banks of the Platte down to the the heroism and fortitude of the
state of Durango in Mexico. They Plains Indians in their 150-year fight
made Nordics and Spaniards pay against overwhelming numbers, in-
in blood for every inch of the land exhaustible resources and better
taken away from them. armed men. Had they been equal
The Kiowa also moved into the in numbers history might have an-
plains and there began a long period j other story to tell.
of warfare between the Comanche The group of buffalo hunters at
and Kiowa that was ended by a i Adobe Walls were on the Plains in
fought bitterly — , ,
against, those thev considered rob- i fnr themselves while earning a
bers of their lands. Even after a t anci 'earning a profession,
comparative peace had been estab-
lished a large number of Cheyenne '5|jngy Qreen' J0Q
and Kiowa fled to the north where a'
l there was a demand for war-like Hie darkey on the Pitchfork go
spirits. Sitting Bull, mystic and '1's tobac.ro, all right. And he
warrior, was anxious to ha-.-e their smoked half of it. That was as far
trained services. | as he got through one pipeful. Press j
Most of the remaining Plains In- Oocns. old-time cowman of Dickens,
dians settled down to a dull prosaic the story.
life on reservations In Oklahoma.
j There they adopted the ways of the
i white man, including cheap whiskey
and ill-fitting clothes.
The era of the ranchman was
ushered in. The stage was clear
for another scene.
Ed Brainerd: "Murdo McKenzie
! was a good man; I worked for him;
! he is all right. These English and
{ Scotch are peculiar but, they could
tell you something and you could
"Mr, Gardner, I'se out 'o terbae-
eo," the darkey told Mr. D. B, Gard-
ner, who owned the Pitchfork. "I
wLsh you'd gimme a pipeful."
"Mr. Gardner always smoked
'Stingy Green,' a very strong tobacco.
He filled the black boy's pipe, then
went on hLs rounds. When he came
back he found the bov deathly sick.
"How did you like that tobacco?"
he asked the darkey.
"Well, bass," came the reply, "when
T smoked about, half of it., the top o'
always depend on its being true." I this dugout jes up an' flipper! over."
in the old Amarillo Board of City
Development, which later became
the Chamber of Commerce.
Fort Dodge Was Separate
Mose Hays, San Antonio; "Fort
Dodge did not change its name to
Dodge City. Port Dodge, named for
General Dodge, was there In 1886
when I walked across the Plains.
"Wagon caravans of less than 60
wagons were stopped at Fort Dodge
for protection against Indians. I
had only five, so we detoured Fort
Dodge at night and got through
without trouble.
"Two years later a town was start-
ed five miles from Fort, Dodge, and
was called Dodge City."
J. E. May, Vega: "Tascosa was
wild but not mean; a man could
get drunk with a pocket, full of
money and not, be robbed."
Linked T< > Amaru xo's J 'rogress
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I HE history of Amarillo is an op^n paq<=! of achievement—-fifty years of
constant growth and development, with hardly a pause between each rapid step!
Early in this history came the American National Bank; and it is proud, indeed,
of the fact that it has been linked, to a substantial degree, with the progress of
the city and many of its most successful businesses and citizens.
The officers and directors of the American National look forward to the
next half-decade with confidence. TJiey expect a future progress for Amarillo
and the Panhandle fully in keeping and perhaps exceeding that which has gone
before. Congratulations to a citizenship which can accomplish so much so
quickly!
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OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
J. H. PAUL, President B C. D. BYNUM, Chairman of Board
RIAL C. LONG, WILLIAM J. BYNUM, JOHN W. MORRIS, Assistant Cashier*
Sti
I. H. DAVTE3
CHAS. H. KEFFETl
C. R. McAFEH
MRfl. C. M. McOTLLOUGH
flFARPE MeCULLOUOH
DR. L K. PATTON
H. C. PIPKIN
T. A PAUL
FLOYD V, STUDER
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American National Bank
MEMBER ★ FEDERAL ★ DEPOSIT ★ INSURANCE * CORPORATION
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Amarillo Sunday News-Globe (Amarillo, Tex.), Vol. 13, No. 33, Ed. 1 Sunday, August 14, 1938, newspaper, August 14, 1938; Amarillo, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth299921/m1/28/: accessed April 30, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Hutchinson County Library, Borger Branch.