Texas Almanac, 1939-1940 Page: 69
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HISTORY OF TEXAS.
that migrated from the east across the governme
border of Texas before the advance of dents of I
white man's civilization from the At- vation is
lantic seaboard. A feder
First among the immigrant tribes 3,000 acr
probably were the Cherokees, a tribe of reservation
far greater intelligence than the average State Boa
North American Indian. Just when they allot to
entered Texas m Arkansas and North- equipmen
ern Louisiana, where they had been the living
thrust from their homes east of the Mis- greatly i
sissippi, is questionable, but it is a mat- Alabamas
ter of record that their Chief Fields was the nativ
in Mexico City in 1822, endeavoring to tribal cus
obtain title to the lands on which his tianized
people had settled in East Texas. lives toda
The Cherokees were given certain ern part
squatters' rights by the Spanish author- The Un
itles finally, but they wisely continued to fairs repo:
seek a written treaty. With the revolt Thicket a
of the Texans against Mexican authority, April 14,
the Cherokees arrived at an agreement reservatio
with a committee representing the tem- to Coush
porary Texas government and having one.
Sam Houston as one of its members. By Remnar
this agreement the Cherokees were to grated to
receive the land lying between the Sa- Eighteentl
bine and Angelina Rivers and north of teenth Ce
the old San Antonio road. This was early Kickapoos
in 1836 and prior to the Battle of San mentioned
Jacinto. After Texas had established its ern Texau
independence of Mexico the Senate of were exp
the new Republic refused to ratify the 1839. Par
treaty made by Houston and others. the Chero
This action of the Texas Senate tered the
aroused the anger of the Cherokees and Seminoles
there was friction between them and the cinity of
neighboring white settlers. Finally, in reservatio
1839, three companies of white settlers for a nun
invaded the Cherokee grounds and drove at Brack
them out, the tribe migrating northward only in re
across the Red River. It was in this noles eve:
conflict, known as the Cherokee War, Grande.
that the courageous old Chief Bowl (or the vicinil
Bowles) was wounded and later shot to By the
death. This attack was made during tion, 1839-
the administration of President Lamar, powerful
who had little patience with the red stock in
man. Sam Houston, who had once peared.
lived with the Cherokees in Arkansas, the ranks
bitterly denounced the repudiation of their cont
the treaty with the Cherokees and their ish. Som
expulsion from Texas. kees durir
The Alabamas and Coushattas were to Texas a
among the other tribes that migrated to Indian Te
Texas at an early date from their home- the weste:
land across the Mississippi. Although the state
never large in number, they are notable ing tide o
for being the only tribes that have con- The Kai
tinued to exist within the confines of the point
Texas. A remnant of these tribes, scat- southward
tered along the Neches in 1854, attracted westward,
the attention of Sam Houston, who was Rio Gran
influential in having two square miles of forays fro
land, or 1,280 acres, given them for a res- number o:
ervation. Here in the midst of the Big flict lay pi
Thicket the Indians dwelt with little no- man and t
tice from the white people about them plains.
until about 1927, when their destitute
condition was called to the attention of The Contal authorities by the resi-
Polk County, in which the reser-
situated.
ral appropriation was made and
es of land bought, raising the
n to 4,280 acres. The Texas
ard of Control was authorized to
the Indians certain household
t and as a result oi these acts
conditions of the Indians were
improved. The little band of
and Coushattas, still speaking
e tongue and retaining many
stoms (although largely Chris-
during the last fifty years),
y on its reservation in the east-
of Polk County.
ited States Office of Indian Af-
rted that there were in the Big
area a total of 326 Indians on
1938. Of these 291 lived on the
n. The proportion of Alabamas
attas is approximately four to
its of other eastern tribes mi-
Texas in the latter part of the
h and early part of the Nine-
nturies, notably the Seminoles,
and Delawares. The two last-
i tribes settled largely in East-
s among the Cherokees and
elled with the Cherokees in
t of the Seminoles came in with
kees, but a later migration en-
state from Florida. Part of the
drifted westward to the vi-
Kinney County and a small
n was maintained for them
iber of years near Fort Clark
ettville, this being abandoned
cent years. Most of these Semi-
ntually drifted across the Rio
A few Seminoles still dwell in
ty of Brackettville.
time of the Lamar administra-
-41, the Caddoes, once the most
and most highly civilized Indian
Texas, had practically disap-
Warfare and pestilence thinned
of these Indians rapidly after
act with the French and Span-
e of them joined the Chero-
ng the migration of the latter
nd later drifted northward into
rritory. Only the Indians of
rn and southwestern parts of
remained to oppose the oncom-
f white man's civilization.
rankawas had been thinned to
of extinction and driven
and the Lipans had retreated
many of them crossing the
de. There continued to be
m across the Rio Grande for a
f years, but the line of con-
rimarily between the frontiers-
he Indians of the northwestern
Council House Fight.
manches were giving much
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Texas Almanac, 1939-1940, book, 1939; Dallas, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth117163/m1/71/: accessed May 7, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Texas State Historical Association.