Galveston Weekly News (Galveston, Tex.), Vol. 13, No. 44, Ed. 1, Tuesday, January 20, 1857 Page: 1 of 4
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K1CHAKD.SON & CO..
Tli- Will n (lie Pioplr ti(iiill KhIi-."
PROPRIETORS.
vol. xm.
GALVESTON TEXAS TUESDAY JANUARY 20. 1857.
NO. XLIV.
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GALVESTON NEWS
rCCJJsILCD EVEBT TUKSDAT
BT IUCUARDSO.1 tc CO.
W. KICIUKDOX...
. D. KCIUBDSON
Devoira to General "(ews. Foreign and Domestic; to
he Commercial Intelligence from the principal
llarkeUof the world to the Agricultural Interests
or the country to the Improvement and discoveries
that mAr he mftde eondadre 10 ocr Acricnltiinl uid
Oommeraal prosperity: to Polities only nbu im-
portant measures of Government are thereby affect-
ed to Miscellaneous articles Id reference to our part
Ihls and other countries to Anecdotes and Tales of
humor occasionally lorellstoBaoontronnleanrelj
ud to peraonal reflections on print character
nerw. -.
TERMS-
ONE COrT.psraumim In advance ........... ..0o
" If not paid within ox month 4 00
- for two years in advance... 500
fosunastera rvumtuis two oouin ua nny cents
Sn-eachadTancesobtcrTber will be entitled t the
othr flftr cents far commits! an
Single subscribers at a distance may at Uieir pleas-
are either make us remittances at our risk bV msiLor
procure ucn pnnua coDTcjauce as wey may nave
confidence In. as being both safe and expeditious
ADVERTISING RATES t
r each square of ten lines or space eqdvaleni one
dollar for the first Insertion and fifty cents tor each
subsequent insertion.
very considerable redaction Is made oa advertise
menu Inverted for three six. or twelve months.
Book nncl Job Printing
BLANKS. BILLHEADS. CARDS CmCXTLAES
STTAISOAT ELLS POSTERS re ;
Executed with neatness and en the most liberal
terms.
-i Chikesk Buoae Cane Seed The Cora.
tnieaioner of Patents ia sow sendinc to: the
several Bute Agricultural Societies a parcel of
umnese engar cane seed raisea under the direct
supervision of the Patent Office sufficient to
plant sixteen Acres with a view of extending
the culture of this plant. It has since Its
Introduction Into this country proved Itself
wen aaaptea to onr geograpnicai range 01 in
dian corn It Is easy of cultivation being
similar to that of znaiie or broom corn bat
will prosper In a much poorer sou A corres
pondent writing to the Commissioner speaks
of the extraordinary richness and delicious
navor 01 tne mint 01 cows wnicn nad been red
Several gentlemen hare likewise recently
acquainted the office with the fact of the1 suc-
cess of the liquorice plant which Is hardy as
far north as Connecticut It is employed not
omy ror medicinal purposes oat is an important
element they say in preparing some of the
best ale and porter in Great Britain I
- --
Taxis IVestxbx Kailboad The funds
which this company is now operating fapon
are $250 000 advanced by Messrs. Brown! Bro-
thers t Co. or New York.
It Is Believed that the grading of tbe ten
miles will be accomplished by the 1st of Teh
neat v
The Company have In New Organs
sufficient Iron to Isy ten miles and a half Two
hundred Irish laborers are at work on the
road There are also 147 negroes and meeban-
The Texas Directors being a small minority
of thii foreign company and their place of
business in New iorLoar people regard it
with much Bkeptidsm and misgivings There
are some of the Texa Directory however in
whom we have high confidence We believe
that Gen. Henderson will insist upon the af-
fairs being rightly conducted.
t
Tyfe-Settim! Br MACHINERY. There are
several type-setting machines now In operation
In New York also In Paris The machine Is
driven by a band on a pulley and the labor
of cetting consists in fingering a set of keys
n Ke a piano tacn cina is earned torwafd on
a separate band and deposited continuously
on a single laperunmng diagonally acron me
line of the first from this second tape Jtbey
are dropped into a wheel whichin turnleaves
them standing single-file on a long galley
from which they are taken and made up (into
hnes of proper length The extreme capacity
of one of these machines Is ten thousand per
hour
T Bctler Kiq The Telegraph gives the
following extract from a late Washington
letter:
T Botlcr King Is here figuring In relation
to tho Pacific Railroad Rumor says that the
Committee on Pnbhe Lands have been induced
to modify the Pacific Railroad bill upon! his
ingestion bo as to give the Southern grant
direct to the Southern Pacific Railroad Com
pany otherwise known as the T Butler King
and Robert J Walker speculation wbiehhad
its day in New York a year or two since
It is hardly credible that the Committee
agreed to such an outrage upon public senti-
ments but if tbey hare the entire measure
will certainly fail There Is scarce a Southern
man wno would fall to denounce it. Tbis.how-
erer. would suit 'King's Company. whose1 in
terest it Is to defeat the grant altogether! un-
jws iney can secure it lor themselves
-The
PniXTiNa Offiec a School. The Bi
trop Advertiser speaking of the advantages
of a printing office says1
The advantage presented to a youth jwho
possess a particle of brains cannot be too
highly appreciated. A printing office is tern-
pnaucaiiy tne poor ooy t college we wpuia
not give the instruction which may be acquir
ed among typos for the proudest parchment
that ever emanated from Old Yale or Har-
vard. From the dark and murky print-shops
hare graduated men whose tbundertones have
made Senates tremble and a printer's Jboy
wrote bis name In electric characters npon the
skies and clouds of Heaven.
Weilth or Ixxigbatiox The Pennsyl
vanian says
During the month of October 15 4400 emi-
grants landed at Castle Garden New Tprfc
bringing with them $1 277 516 in money be-
ing an average' of $7753 per head Over
$15000 000 come to this country through emi-
grants that is scarcely noticed by business
men The total emigration so far this year
has been 122311 being 419 less than to the
same perfol last year
"It in not the wealth that emigrants bring
in money to thu country that makes emigra
tion desirable It is the wealth of'muscle
bone ainew that is wanted in a new country
like ours. The wealth of hard handed indus-
trythe labor that makes the wilderness to
smile with plenty that is the wealth emi-
grants bring Let them come There. Is
plenty of room
a
DPWe are glad to see by the following
paragraph in the Civilian of the 6th Inst
that its controversey with the Christian Ad-
vocate Is amicably adjusted :
After a fnendly conversation between the
editors of the Civilian and Advocate in refer-
ence to the question as to the postponement
or service in the Methodist Chnrch m this
city the difference between theia was ami
cably adjusted the editor of the Civilian
withdrawing the charge that "political feel-
ing" caused the postponement the editor of
the Advocate admitting that service was
dispensed with on account or the noIe likely
to be produced by the firing of cannon and
the nhouts of the multitude.
-
HosnsoPATiir Le Moniteur the official
organ of the French Government announces
that Dr Msbbit a bomeopathlst bas been cre-
ated Knight of the Legion of Honor incon-
sequence of his .listing dished success in: the
treatment of cholera in different place The
general result Is as follows .
Treated Allopathically 405027
Cured 254788
Died -240239
giving a per cents ge of 49 deaths out of 100
Treated Romeopathlcaliy 2239
Cured- 2069
Died 170
giving 71 per centage of deaths.
IM
The Slate Trade i New York The N
Y. Express of the 27th ult. says .
Circumstances which bare lately come to
light nem to make it apparent that New
York has long been a nest of slave traders
acd that most or the vessels which carry on
the nefarious traffic between Africa and Cuba
are owned and fitted out in New York The
number of slavers fitted out In this port
within the last three years though not easy
to state with precision cannot fall short of
twenty six or thirty Since Mr McKeon ibe-
came District Artorney in 1S54 three slavers
hare been seized and forty six men held to
answer nnder various statutes; but only two
convictions have been had.
1
The Xext Federal Appoetiovm evt
Taking the popularvoteinthe Northwest and
estimating the increase for four years the
Boston AtUu estimates that Wisconsin Iowa
Michigan Indiana and llhnos will be entitled
to fifty five Representatives in Congress In
place of twenty nine which they now send to
the House. The present House containes
ninety members from the slave States and
14C from the free States Under the next
apportionment the free States will have about
two to one
Interesting to Dcelists Col Bissell
Governor elect of the State of Illinois Is in a
fix. In 1850 he received and accepted a chal
Ien?e to fight a duel and ir be takes the oath
of Office of thit State he must swear that be
never did anything or the kind. He cannot
511 the Gubernatorial chair until he takes the
oath of effice and should he do that he will
be liable to an indictment for perjury
-9-m
Disraios Convention t Massachu-
setts. A number of the citizens or vTorecs
ter Mass. who profess to believe "the result
or the recent Presidential election to involve
fonr years more or pro slavery government
and a rapid Increase in the hostility between
the two sections or the Union11 and further
beliering "the existing Union to bo a failure"
hare published a call for a convention to meet
at Worcester on the 15th of January to "con-
sider the practicability probability and expe-
diency or a separation between the free and
slave States and to take such other measures
as the condition or the times msy require "
Should this convention or madmen resolve to
go out or the Union the Tact will be promptly
fi announced to the world.
Artesian Wells.
T tht Editor of the Seguxn Mercury:
It may be or some interest to a portion of
your readers to be furnished with an account
of a well digging operation as carried on by
Parson Butler (a near neighbor) and mycelf
lour roues hast or Seguin
In the latter part of summer I sunk a well
83 feet deep without finding water Other
mitten pressed me to suspend me searcn ror
a time during which time. Parson Cutler
SSrJ1"!0."1..!
niee feet tie flnt night tnd continued riling
until It rucned 56 reet. Hiring observed
a Terr close resemblance In tho strata of his
digging and my own I felt confident of find.
ing water in my own I recommenced the
eearch bv borloc. and In two and a half da v
attained the same depth and tapped the same
rntweXmrnuter'smcriTLVnlenirfee?
more in the body of the well which makes 32
feet in all
Thus the fact is clearlv demonstrated that
we have water holding strata of that particu-
Iar formation essential to artesian wells The
next sheet of water below if tapped might
flow over at the top who knows or who will
venture the experiment? The water in our
wells contain some saline matter and is de-
cidedly hard being saturated with sulphate
&&.! $K82lIfiK3i
very well and is much better than the water
usually found in the blue clay marl In both
Wells we have nasspd about fortv fppt nf Tiln
clar. and I think it hehlr fihirBal
gone entirely through that particular forma
tion and would recommend to those who
have been discouraged on account of meeting
:e?JI" ? ? psTs p.1" y
through it. when In. all probability they will
meet with the object sought for
Respectfully J. E. PARK.
a
Outrage. About ten days ago two young
men who bad been keeping a lot of hogs in
the vicinity of a place on the San Patricio
road known as the twelve mile water hole
which Is somewhat celebrated by the bloody
deeds committed there whilst riding near that
place and being some distance apart hunting
ueqr uue u tuem uiscoverea some persons in
the timber whom he supposed were Indians
They instantly seized their runs and took to
trees their movements plainly showed that
ineir intentions were to snoot. The young
man jnmped from his horse got behind him
and prepared to make the best defence he
could at the same time calling his companion
to ' come and die with him1 he had scarcely
alighted however before he was fired at with
a rifle the ball struck his horse In the breast
The man supposing his horse to be tilled and
the odds too great to contend against ran. in
tbe direction of his companion the sraBs beintr
high and he having spurs on fell the assassin
supposing that he fell from the effects of the
shot exultingly exclaimed "come and die with
tne." The other young man rode op to his dis
mounted friend and both made their way off
It then was sundown they traveled during
the night In the direction or this place where
they arrived during the next morning After
relatinir the affair some of our citizens went
with them to the spot where the occurrence
took piece iney louna a iresniy butchered
beef which on examination proved to belong
to one of the comnanv Mr Youn?s Caletnan
On making further search a Mexican carLand
blanket were found also an axe and butcher
knives But no Indians or other persons v ere
to be Been..
The company on returning brought the cart
with them and traced Its old track through a
circuitous route and as was expected it
brought them np to Old Town
The blanket was recognized by a Mexican
boy but the owner is not to bo fonndJand
nooe of the citizens of Old Town appear to
know anything about them The cart Is now
in Goliad and claimed by a Mexican just re-
turned from San Antonio
This Old Town den mast be seen to about
which we shall speak fully hereafter. It I a
den for thieves an murderers Gotuui Er-
PTtt
- i
The Tn:o Explained The New York
Herald gives the following explanation to the
telegraphic news which averred that the Pres-
ident had issued writs for the arrest of per-
sonn In Nicaragua
We publish to-day the writ of Chler Jnitice
Taney in tbe case of the Accessory Transit
Company against Morgan and Garrison) It
was stated bv one of our reporters in venter.
day's news summary that the President of the
United States had issued an order for tbe ar-
rest or C. K. Garrison. Charles Morgan and
ben. Wm n alker. to answer to the Apiwunrv
Transit Company in a plea or treopaas. This
item was given to our reporter at a late hour
by some or the partie sympathizing with
Yandetbuilt in the quarrels now raging be-
tween onr ateamahip kings evidently for tbe
purpose of sending it under our sanction bv
the George Law to California that it might
affect the credit there as bankers or the par
ties Interested In Itself it is nothincmore
than the usual style of the commencement or
a civil suit in our bupreme UourtB ; the writs
always running in the nameof tho President
and are witnessed by the Chler Justice ; bnt
the Executive bas really no power to order the
arrest or any person this authority vesting
oniy in me juaiciary wnstsQooid nave been
announced therefore was simply the com-
mencement of a civil suit N Y Herald
Monday 22d tdt.
-
Gei. Houston's orders We published a
short time sincea short comirunicationaccom-
panied by an order from Gen Houston written
in 183S t. P. S. McNeill directing general
notice to be given that the army was then on
the retreat to the Eastward Oar corresnon-
deut says be was induced to request tbe pub-
ucaiiou oi voi s oruer simpiy ior inc purpose
of contradicting the statements of some of his
friends who have denied that such an order
was ever given. We however now see a lonff
communication In tbe nuntsville Itemi the
writer of which says "a volume would not
contain all the similar orders issued by Hous-
ton during the campaign of 1836 " The same
writer defends that retreat and calls It "3one
the most Washington like retreats ever rccor-
a-sv
Sumner. Tbe Boston Post. In soeakin? of
the letter of Chas. Sumner to the Burlmgame
Banquet pronounces it " as cool a specimen
ot arrogant insolence of pompous conceit.
and dogmatic denunciation as vanity nnd
malignity could inspire "
--
Cheerino Prospect Robinson or the
Hnntsrille Iter reels elated at his prospects
for a " sit" In Heaven when his spirit shall
shuffle off its mortal coil. His hopes hare
been raised by the publication of an apologue
telling how seldom rich men erer get to Hea-
ven while poor men are plenty as fleas In a
hog bed The quality of poverty George
thinks be possesses In an eminent degree
UroUett Printer
m m
Wbat tbe Atlaklic Telegraph will Ac
complish It is stated that when the subma-
rine telecranh accross tbe ocean ia finished.
the transactions in stocks tbe closing price in
consols the state of the cotton market will
be sent from London to Liverpool every day
at ociock ia mo aiiernoon ana win in con-
sequence of the difference of time some five
hours be received in tbe leading Atlantic ci
ties of tbe United States before noon forming
tbe basis of operations here for that day; In
other words the doings or the London Ex-
change will be known here before 'change
hours and will be published in tbe papers the
Bame evening before they are laid before the
uiib.su pa one- iransacuons in tne fans
Bourse will be sent in the same manner The
txpense however will be very heavy as the
.e.i-j;-puic ions win oe aoom one dollar per
word
Hides The demand for hides seem to be
on the increase as the prices given for them
are rery high from 1215c.fJlb cash Hides
bring lGc. t lb in New York. What has. oc-
casioned this rise and Its continuance we are
not able to learn Tbey are bought up greed-
Hy In our mir'kel.TnJtanota Bulletin
The demand for leather is increasing
greatly beyond the supply and unless some
new material shall be discovered as a subetl
tutefor bides the price or hides must be still
- -
higher and dioes and boots will advance in
proportion
Railroad Iron The statement wbirh is
going the rounds of the press and was copied
into this paper a few davs since relative to
tbe New York Central Railroad s manufactur
ing Its own iron is denied In the New York
Post. That company Is causing its old rails to
be re rolled at the Rensselaer Ironworks for
which It probably pays the current rate of S25
to $30 per ton
--
A Good Chavge The Houston mail now
comes direct via tbe Tap Road We now
receive morning dates at noon of the same day.
Oar young men whose sweethearts are in
Houston duly appreciate the progress' Re
porter
1 S I
The failure of L. D Burcess. of Proridence.
R I. an extensive cotton spinner is announ
ced
--
It is represented that the Dostal treaty in
negotiation between the United StatesGorern-
meut and that of Mexico Is progressing satis-
aciortiy ana win soon do compietea.
--
It is stated that President Comonfort in
IS- of the ftct toal he is "arrounded with
difficulties has sought for means to secure at
least some future for Mexico and has proposed
to the United States an alliance which shall
strengthen bis Government and bring the in
fluence or our own to bear npon the reorgan-
ization or that republic 6
m
State Debt of Penksyltama On the
1st ult the funded debt of Pennsylvania
!5SE8a l 39'866.9"5 and the unfunded to
$250859 There remains in the State treas
ury and sinking Tund the sum of $795257
which Is applicableto the farthercanceliation
of State stocks. xc.
The following gentlemen of the army from
the Court of Inquiry that is now being held
at this place to inquire Into certain charces
preferred against the Quarter Master of this
depot- Colonel S A. Johnson Major Wayne
and Major Chilton- Indianola Bulletin 10tk
tnvt.
Callus ton Metes.
THURSDAY JANUARY 15 1857.
Q-The important suit brought by the State
. 1hft flpm nt n in n u n
SiMt we Arm of K G Mills was yes-
" iwi.u.ii vu uumci vonn uiejory
bringing in a verdict of guilty and assessing
the penalty at $100000 From all we have
MPn subject we believe we may
eutly say intt mis decision bas taken the
public by surprise The verdict of the iurv
. ' . I. . y
of o. ""tent hare been expect
ed from the charge of the Court and w milt.
lish that charge in full for the information of
""'ogether with the charges w
for S tbe Defendants' counsel and refused
ttehare now no time to furnish any of the
art.i-nw nr nrir0.nta . t. . t .
"Wence or arguments in this case but shall
enaeiTor t0 d0 K0 in our next issue on Satur
day
--
Peemicm Cotton Messrs Nelson Clem
entsLCo sold In New York on the 30th De-
rr' fory ? " of Pel "-"""-a-
i " ""'"ecn and a quarter cents The above
cotton was raised by Col R. H Williams on i
' unu n .. ' .1
- wu?' auu was ine tspecimen of
I lcxas oon received nt New York this sea
t B0D and sold at the highest figures.
sis-
. rrp-The n.M r .K.w ..
some merit but they are defective in some
respects which we cannot now particularize
The writer could doubtless improve by more
practice and frequent revision
OP" Our readers must excuse our publish-
the letter of L.M J" on account of the val
nable suggestions and the sound arguments
presented in the latter portion notwithstand-
ing the objections they may justly have to the
Introductory part of It It is certainly far
Trom our desire to figure in our own jour-
nal but we may take this occasion to say
that though our correspondent has over-csti
mated our humble efforts be has done bnt
simple justice to our motives For msny
years past it has been our steady and undevi
ating aim to impress upon our readers the im
portanc of unanimity in the Slave States
and to that end we have thonpht It indispen
sably necessary that we should cease that mu
tual party abuse and wolence which has so
long kept ns divided It i this frabdivHion
into parties extending through all the States
all tbe counties towns and nieghborhoods of
the South by which our citizens are arrayed
against each other with a degree of excite
ment and violence of abuse Indicating that
the bonds of a common interest and a common
destiny have been rent assunder by our strong
er aspirations for the spoils of victory it is
this want of harmony among ourselves that
has so long encouraged our enemies in their
aggressions upon our rights Cannuyoue
doubt that if the South hpi presented a firm
and united front to their enemies fifteen or
twenty years iiro making resistance to op-
pression and the defence or their rights the
pa ram on nt question and the sole Isue to be
decided can any one doubt that If this had
been done Wore the outh lott her relative
power in the Confederacy and before this
Northern fanaticism had acquired its present
strength that this fearful slavery agititlon
which now threatens our Union would have
been arrested ? Our opinion was then that
the sooner the South met the question of their
rights boldly fearlessly and without eompro
sw the ooner would these nsbts be repect
ed and the agitation be put to rest. But our
politicians told ns we mast compromise for
the tale of Union They denounced any at-
tempt to nmte the South in a common defense
of Southern rights as actional and danger-
ous to the Union In this way the South has
been kept divided upon unimportant issues :
until the enemy bas control of one branch of
Congress and will soon wield the entire pow-
er of both We think however the people of
the South are now beginning to see tbe neces
sity of laying aside their party divisions in
order teavert the impending danger and we
only hope it may not be too late
Credit We wish wc could impress upon
the people of Texas a practical conviction of
the heavy losses they annually suffer by re-
sorting to the credit system Of coursethe
use of credit is sometimes necessary but by
fcubmitting to a very little temporary incon
venience a rew months would be sufficient to
relieve a majority of our citizens from the
heavy burthens imposed upon them hy allow-
ing accounts to be run up against them for
nearly all their purchases They have to pay
the merchant as a general rule a heavy in
tercst for the time allowed and alau premium
for the risk he Incurs of becoming embar-
rassed in his business from want of punctual
ity or by the delays expenses and annoy-
ances of suits at law and perhaps after all
by ultimate loss of the debt Even those In
the best credit must bear their share of the
premium required for security under tbe credit
system for the merchant is compelled in self-
defence to make an approximate estimate of
tbe per cent of loss incurred by crediting and
mast increase his credit pnecs proportionably
But besides this tbe merch't must also increii e
his credit prices still fartherin order to enable
him to pay his clerks their salaries for keeping
books and also the stationer for the sets of
books to be kept and sundry other stationery
all of which are rendered necessary under the
credit system The merchant must again add
another per centage to his credit prices to
enable him to pay other clerks for making out
accounts an 1 travelling the country to collect
them and as a general rule this item of ex-
pense scarcely falls short of tea per cent but
this as well as all the balance must be paid
by those who obtain the credit in the en-
hanced prices of their purchases There is no
other alternative left the merchant to pro-
tect himself Who then is benefited by this
credit system which involves so many items
of heavy expenditure? We answer nobody
Certainly the merchant is not for there is not
a merchant in the whole country doing a le-
gitimate bnsinesa who would not rejoice to
get rid of all this complicated" laborious and
barrassing business of book keeping making
out accounts and trying to collect them and
in the mean time suffering a painful anxiety
destructive of all the enjoyments of life lest
his collections may not be in time to meet his
bills pay ableas they mature Who can suppose
then that the merchant would not be gtadto
get rid of the ciedit system and all its compli
cated and expensive machinery and reduce
his prices proportionably low? Each a change
could it once be effected would save to the
people of Texas several hundred thousand
perhaps several millions of dollars annually
and tho consequence would be that we should
see independence in the place of the pecuni-
ary embarrassments under which so many are
suffering while full fifty per cent of the liti-
gation with which our country is cursed
would be gotten rid of
A Dreadful Death We learn that Mrs
Clements the wife of Mr Eobt F. Clements
of Yelasco has came to a most melancholy
death We are informed that on day before
yesterday the clothes of Mrs Clements acci-
dentia took fire and before the flames could
be extinguished she was so badly burned thai
she died soon after and was buried yester
day We have not been able to obtain any
particulars So dreadful a calamity will
awaken a painful feeling in the public mind
generally but especially in the mind" of tbe
many acquaintances and friends of the de-
ceased --
Color. In spite of the doctrines of equality
regardless of color which in theory our
Northern neighbors are inculcating with so
much zeal it seems that they arc very reluc-
tant to reduce them to practice A negro
preacher styled the Rev Mr Pennington
brought suit a few days since against the pro-
prietors of a New York omnibus because he
was not allowed to sit en the same seat with
white men The court however decided
against him In Boston also two negroes
were ejected from a theatre because they had
obtained seats in the dress circle They have
brought suit against the manager for the
ejectment and the manager is put nnder a
bond or a thousand dollars to answer to the
complaint We have yet to learn how this
case will be decided
- -
flSThe steamer Betty Powell Capt. Mauck.
arrived from Liberty last night with 1G bales
cotton 33 hides and sundries to order.
The State of Texas vs. R. A D. G. Mills.
Charge of the Court in the above case
You are to decide this case according to tbe
facts in evidence and the law applicable
thereto given yon in charge by the Court with
ont being influenced by your opinion of the
policy of the law in question or the conse
quences which may result either one way or
the other
The law of Texas is to be construed and
enforced with reference to acts done within
its territorial limits without regard to the
laws or policy of other States; and If the
defendants have violated the laws of Texas
by acts done in Texas they cannot protect
themselves under color of authority of th
laws of another State The question then
to be decided by you is did the defendants
issue the drafts or anv of them described in
the petition to circulate as money in Texas ?
Tbe term "issue" as used in the act under
which this prosecution originated means to
put out or send forth among the people of
this State for the lirt time and it is not
necessary that paper sent forth should be
made or signed by the party putting it out
The intention with which such a sending o-
pntting out may have been done is to br de
termined by j on from the z idence
If then J.OU believe from the evidence
that the defendants were assoTJi ted together
and acting as a company in business In Gal-
veston and that they di3 In said county is-
sue or put forth for the first time In Texas
the drafts described in the petition or any
of them; and that it was done by them with
the intent or purpose to circulate the drafts as
money then you will find guilty and assess
the penalty at not less than $2000 nor more
than $5000 for each draft so issued: bnt If
you believe otherwise from the evidence then
find not guilty P. W GRAY.
It is no offence under the act under which
suit is brought for any person or firm to' pay
out or circulate the checks of any solvent
specie paying Bank incorporated by and or"
ganized In another State This last charge is
given to be taken in connection with and as
modified by the general charge
P. W. GRAY
The following charges (in addition to the
one given with modification) were asked by
the defendants and refused by the conrt
1st If the jury belie.e from the evidcLce
that the checks or drafts described in the Pe-
tition were originally issued In the Stafe of
Mistsslppi and not within tbe State of Texas
and by a corporation styled "The Northern
Bank of Mississippi" and not by the Defen
dants they are to find for the Derendsnts
2d By the word "issue' as employed In the
Act entitled "An Act to suppress illegal Bank-
ing" is meant the original issue by the maker
and not any subsequent paying out or circula-
tion (The 3d is given appended to and as modi-
fied by the general charge J
4th The employment of tbe terms privi
leges" "authority of law "banking or dis-
eonntine'' and "officers1 indicates that the
Act under which this suit is hroucht is inten
ded to embrace only corporitions or preten-
ded corporations and not private indinduals
or mere partnerships If the jury believe
Irom the evidence that the defendants are not
and do not pretend or claim to be a corpora
tion they do not come nthm the scope of the
Act under which this suit is brought and the
jury are to find ror the defendants
THE'DUhLLING HOAX.
Many of our exchanges have of late been
amusing themselves over the awful Munchau-
sen account of no less than six dnels that were
fought on the 28th of August last among the
passengers on a railroad from Macon to Au
gnsta Ga in every one of which dnels one
of the parties was killed The original ac
count was in the shape of a communication
made to the London Timet where it was duly
credited as a genuine account of the savage
manners and customs of the slave holders in
the South and was copied from Timet by tbe
Obtener and other English journals of the
highest standing as a truthful narratire of
"Georgia Scenes" Wc hare now an expia
tion of tbe manner In which the acconnt of
this bloody tragedy originated It Is orer
the signature of a Mr Vrrowsmith an English-
man who speaks as an eye witness of the
duels as they took place one after another
In sereral of thcie duels the conductor of the
cars ery obligingly stopped the train to ac-
commodate the parties ror his own amuse-
ment and the amusement of his passengtrs
though one or two of them appear to have
been fought in the cars while under full head
way The writer does not trouble himself to
explain what was dono with the dead bodies
or the victims but this wholesale slaughter is
spoken of as a sort of pastime customary in
the country One man is said to have slain
most of the others and is described as ilmost
frantic when he could provoke nobody else to
fight with him But as a last resort to grat
ify his thirst for blood he is said to hare
seized the child of one of his victims who was
crying bitterly ror the loss or his parent and
killed the boy outrightIn presence of the pas
sengers throwing the lifel-ss body out of the
cars white in fall speed This Is said to have
caused a Bensation or horror among some or
the passengers who were not accustomed to
such scenes but no effort was made by any one
to put a stop to this human slaughter which
ror aught we knew might have continued
till all the passengers were killed had not the
cars arrived at Augusta when they were en-
abled thus to make their escape But a cor-
respondent or the Savannah Republican has
since given tbe following explanation or the
origin or this hoax This corresponent after
seeing the story copied by some American pa
pers from the London Times took tho trouble
to enquire into it and being well acquainted
with the conductors and mail agents on that
line he finally found tbe mail agent who ad-
mitted that he had fabricated the storyJnt to
pasi off an idle hour while in the cars and
getting into conversation with an English-
man (Mr Arrowsmith) who was sitting next
to him dwelling with no small credulity
on the subject of Southern atrocities he read
this marvelous story over to him He (Ar-
rowmith) requested a copy which was read!
ly given him; and the mail agent was after
wards snrprised to see the story published in
tbe Loudon Times as a genuine account of the
brutal nd savage enstoms of the slave hold
ing States The correspondent of the Repub-
lican says this explanation wilt be verified by
affidavit if necessary
S" It appears that nothing has been heard
from Mr P. R Edwards acd the party who
sailed with him in a schooner from New Or-
leans about two months ago Tor Nicaragua ;
and some apprehensions are expressed ror his
safety. Dr Swearengenof Chappell Hill who
was lately in our city and who having visited
Central America about a year ago is well m-
formed in regard to tbe political condition of
the Centril American States thinks it rery
probable that Mr Edwards put into a port of
Honduras If so ho is quite certain he and
those with him are detainee there by the au-
thorities as he knows or some Tcxians and
others who baring landed there hare been
prerented from leaving baring been Kept
within certain prison bounds under guard for
a considerable time past Honduras is said to
hare the most productive lands acd to offer the
strongest Inducements to emigrants of all
these States and numbers bare been tempted
to go there with the large expectations held
out to them without being aware of the re-
strictions Imposed upon American citizens by
that Government
-
HP" The following article shows that ne
grots command high prices in Crockett
Hirivg and Selling Day On New Year's
day negroes are generally hired out Tor the
year or sold horses cattle etc. generally find
a market on that day. Well on last New
Year s day negroes hired at higher rates than
Tor many years before ranging from $332 to
210 for men and womenlittle children from 10
0 15 brought 75 to 125 dollars. Many bidders
were in the field.. Mules unbroken brought
from 100 to 150though some old inferior ones
only brought 25 and $50 at twelre months
credit Several hores brought $150; some
blind ones were sold for 20 and $40 Property
and labor is increasing in value most rapidly
from the fact that Crockett is assuming an Im-
portance as a centre for travel mail route
etc rivaled by few towns in tbe interior
Croclett Printer
A letter from ilome states that the decen
nial census or tbe population of the Papal
Stateshas jiut been coumleted The total num
ber Is 3100000 souls being an increase of
iWjvm uunug me last ten years
Oran;p Count).
I It is with pleasure that wc publish the fol-
lowing extract of a letter and we hope the
writer will faror ui again for we knot o'
nothing better calculated to render our jour
nal serviceable to the State and interesting
to our readers than articles descriptive of the
different portions of our empire State which
Is daily becoming better appreciated as the
leading agricultural State of the Union
Madisox Orange Co
January 3 1857 J
Messrs Eds News This county has re
mained in comparative oblivion for i long
time and seems to have been overlooked both
by travelers and newspapers and yet Orange
is second to no county on the coast ror agn
cultural purposes and I im certain that it
surpasses all in point of health and most or
them in tho advantages of navigation One
entire side of it is washed by one of the
most beautiful lakes on the whole coast of the
State having the best entrance acd safest
harbor that can be found at the moath of any
river cmptyingintotheGuir from ourEaBttni
to our Western Boundary We are peculiarly
blescdwith gtnl navigation having tbeSa-
biaa ou ojt Eastern and the Neches on our
Westen border Our county is besides inter-
sected by two navigtl le bayou" extending
nearly .u t.fcofe itbtb ataririnln6 mo it
the mo3t beautiful natural cauals that can
well be imagined The lands bordering these
bayou3 are rerv rich and well timbered. No
farmer settling in this county can possibly
bare to haul hi- produce weeding ten mile
in order to place it where it miy be sent to
market ether by steam or sail vessels at all
seasons of the year As a general rule all
the lands of O-ange are well adapted to farm
ing purposes Sugar cotton corn and po-
tatoes can be successfully raised ; and we have
the best stock range in Eastern Texas
Peaches Figs Oranges Grapes and many
other delicious fruits can be abundantly
grown Tbe town of Madison is situated on
the bank of the Sabine being on an elevated
blntr with a most beautiful crescent curve
and is admitted by all who see it to be one or
tbe handsomest locations imaginable Ex-
perience has proved our soil to be most excel
lent for horticultura' purposes
The lumber trade of this county isfj.st be
coming a source of much wealth. Our rivers
are admitted to surpass any others west of the
Mississippi in the extent of their forests of
fine cypress and pine Were the same amount
of enterprise and capital employed in this
trade as In other tinber regions of the South
the value of our exports would fur exceed
those of any other county in the State and
no two other rivers in Texas would show a
trade equal in Importance to that of the
Sabine and Neches The Sabine can be navi
gated a distance of 1000 miles and the Neches
GOO; while the enti-e country embraced be
tween them is well adapted to agricultural
pursuits The lumber already taken from this
place is quite an ite:n of trade and tho busi
new Is jet In its infancy Madison Is destined
to become an iraponant place for the building
and repairing of vessels for good ship timber
is abundant and cheap We have already two
ship yards here
We have one good school in Madison but
there is a good opening for a high school
which would be well patronized by those who
desire their childrei taught some of the higher
branches The proverbial health of our
town would also be favorable to the I cation
of such an institution in it Should you And
this worthy or a place in 3 oar colamnsyou
may hear from rae again
Yours && COW BO
For the GUrest-jn Ncn i.
flir ublnt irntlc nntt Can.il.
Eds Iews For some time pit I've won-
dered that tbe denizens of your goodly city
distinguished for their energy enterprise and
Intelligence should have so long overlooked
the lucrative trade of the Sabine Neches acd
Angelina rivers with their tributaries An
article int he last edition of your contemporary
tbe Cirtiz7( has just come under my notice
calling attention to this great and growing
trade the greater part of which Is at this
time in the hands or New Orleans mainlj for
the wict of communication with Galveston
Said article recommends a weekly or semi-
weekly sea-steamer from Galveston connecting
with the river steamers at Sabine
Now I agree with the Civilian that the
trade or thee rivers is now very valuable and
rapidly increasing They are all good navi-
gablestreams and rortheirsizerar better than
the Colorado Brazos or any other streames
in the State Even their tributaries are
frequently navigable twenty to fifty miles
affording effectual outlets altogether lor the
commerce of near a dozen counties w ell known
for their wealth and great natural resources
not tbe least of which is the great abundance
or tbe very best red Pine and Cypres tim-
ber Taken altogetl cr a ith its fine limber of
every variety Oak Walnut Mulbem Hick-
ory Ash Ac fertility and variety of soil
pnre limpid water proximity to market etc
this region drained by these rivers and the
lower Trimly is the most desirable country
of Texas and indeed the finest I ever stw
Yet with this proximity to Galveston thi3
rich region of extensive country enjoys no
market ior want of direct connection. Bat
will the connection suggested by the Civilian
meet the wants of the trade and secure it to
Galveston? Not at all By this arrangement
two shipments per week will be required to
Galveston as well as to New Orleans and as
the lattar already has the advantage and pre-
cedence at least in pretttge Galveston must
and will as she does now rail to secure this
fine trade promising soon to become one or
the moat lucrative commercial resources tribu-
tary to her splendid future But Galveston
has the udtantage of location as well as
proximity and it certainly behooves us to
avail ourselves of these advantages to say
nothing of State pride and the feeling or exul-
tation we cherish Tor oar queenly island city
of the bay
All we have to do Me-srs Editors is to 015-
a canal through a low level country of ten or
fifteen milts Between the navigable pointt of
Umand Taylor s Bayous jilius connecting Gal
veston with all this extensive region through
these navigable nvers which concentrate the
the trade of a rich country for a distance of
GOO or 800 milea at Sabine
The same boats that now navigate all these
rivers will land at your wharves requiring
no reshipmcit. This will give you a control-
ling advantage over New Orleans for all
time Every" pulsation or your city the great
commercial heart or the State will vibrate
through all these teeming arteries and Infuse
new life vigor and prosperity throughout this
whole region or country as well as Galveston.
S S R.
From Kansas From the Kansas corres
pondence of tho St Louis Republican dated
Westport Dec 20th we collate the foUowing
intelligence
The Santa Fee mail had arrived at Westport
The snow was one and a half feet deep be
tween the former and latter places
Judge watts who came through with the
mail reports to the. Agent or the Upper Ar-
kansas Indians that the Kiowas gave the
train much trouble and it was with difficulty
all hands escaped with their lives The same
tribe attacked Eents Fort where they killed
two men and had it not been for the timelv
assistance rendered by the Cheyennes tribe
the Fort would have been entirely destroyed
muu on avineu. me correspondent 01 tne re-
publican says
"The Cheyennes are disposed to be peace-
able while the Kiowas take every chance to
annoyand sometimes make war on tbe whites.
It is to be hoped that Government will not
neglect long to chastise the red rebels who
ac as mean and ma'acious as tbey are savage
We have received no news from New Mexico
of importance.
Tho talk in Kansas now is about the meet-
ing of the Abolition Legislature AU thought
that movement was given up but sinco tbe re-
turn of Governor Robinson from the East
where he got instructions from Greely and
company it seems that they are going to try
and keep up the war The Herald of Freedom
sxys that Gov Gea-y will not Interfere with
the revolutionary Legislature if he does not
his couse will give great dissatisfaction and go
a great ways to renew scenes which ought
never to transpire again
Ex Governor Wilson Shannon is here Every
body wonders what he has come for and
nobody can find out He leaves for Leaven
worth immediately. The Governor looks care
worn
A rise has occurred In the price of land
warrants on aacount of the President baring
brought into nlarket 1500 050 acres of land
lying in the northern part of Iowa
Montgomery Cocvrr Texas i
January 11th 1857 J
Eds Ewa Your course generaly unall
the exciting topics of tbe day hasbeen marked
by a beanng so independent anl patriotic
and yet so calm and philosophic as to merit
the approbation of every lover of his country
1 am no eulogist cor do I deal in panegyric
and when 1 say yoj have so far discharged
your editorial duties with signal ability
wisdom and modesty and with an entire free-
dom from arrogance I simply say what is
neither more nor less than the truth and
therefore neither more nor lcs than what is
well merited Your chief object seems to be
If I may be permited to judge from a close
observation of your course to advance and
protect in crery legitimate way the various
interests of the south not targeting that it
13 yonr highest duty to exert the best energies
of your mind in conjunction with thepoerof
yourpress to promotein every honorable way
the welfare of tht slate of whlwb you are
citizen'
In nothing bas your sound judgnvnt and
good practical common sense displayed i self
more conspicuously tcan In tho forbearance
you have uniformly practised towards those
who difllr with you on local and general
subjects and the cstir.n? "ficru yoa have
made an&arestw nasisc. toinuaeo la rco-
p'e of t.4 South to bury n a common grave
their local part diaacn'ion and to unite m
1 pr-it-xtix agimst those whoaro opposed-
blinaiy foolishly acl wickedly opposed to
he institutions of the South lour delicate
rebuke of your fnefld and correspondent
'Hal' whose communications I always read
with pleasure was very appropriate For
although we may and often do entertain
different opinions on subjects of state and
national politics we have no right to inJuIgc
In 111 natured animadversions on them or the
opinions or the notions or those with whom
wc difier and therefore so sensible and well
informed a gentleman as 'Hal' seems to be-
deaerves a gentle chiding wherever he forgets
the respect and comity dne to his fellow citi-
zens and in love of country his equals
There can be no doubt in my humble concp
tion or Its being the most imperative duty of
every southern prens and citizen to labour in
season and out of senson if need be to form
a more perfect union In the Sth. The result
of the last presidential election most be con
elusive with every sane man that ourfatnre
safety in the Union or ont of it depends unon
the South being a unit Passing by (with a
mere allusion) tbe porientious indications
of danger elicited by tbe fact that one or tho
can lidateA for the Presidency wu an abolitio-
nist with some dim prospect of snecess I
will advert briefly to the position we occupy
to some of the other sections and states of the
Confederacy
In the new England States wc are in all
time to come to have an unyielding foe from
whom under no circumstances can we expect
common justice J and there an other States
which will unite with them whenever there is
a reAionabto hope or their controlling the
government Such would doubtless bp the ron
(tnctof New York who with her innumerable
isms her free soil proclivities her Wooly
Heads and Silver Grey s hernardand Soft
Shells her Barnburner and Hankers her
higher law men and not last of all her
insatiable appetite for the loa and fiqlie
as uVpent-ed by tho government ior she is
ever ready as was clearly evinced by th
result of the last election to ml. with any
party or faction when prospect f success
against or of victory over the t nth 19 im-t
promising But when lie turn from these
States and those of a like stripe ard their dis-
gusting fanaticism and corruption aul fix
our attention on the political and geographi-
cal po-ition of the Great West we have
reason to congratulate ourselves on the advan-
tages our relative position to it gives ns
Drained as it b In Its vast extent by the
streams that flow from every 7&rt thereof
tbrougn the South and Into the Gulf f Si ex
ico much the greater part of the immense
products of Its rich and inexhaustible soil
must find its way into the great commercial
marts of the Gulf where the most advan-
tageous exchanges may be nude for such of
tbe nrodacts of the South as mav be desired
And still more intimatl will be our relations
with the Western States now in. existence
and those hereafter to be formed ont of the
extensive territory west of the .Mississippi
and Missouri riven. by the system of rail
roads now in process of cocstrudion in that
region of country Out of this intimate and
ramified commercial and social intercourse if
judiciously fostered and controlled by the
Sooth will grow necessarily political rela-
tions of the closest and most friendly charac-
ter from which will result (may we not con
fidently hope ?) a union of the South and the
West on a basis so impregnab. as tc set at
defiance the united attacks of the enemies cf
the South and of the Uni-in But to make
this conjunction with the West sibservient to
the nialntainance of the just rights of the
South in the Union it is sbsotne!y necessary
in my humblo judgment that the Slave States
in their national aspect should be a unit
Powerful as the West "now is and as she is
destined to be she will not seek or enter into
any political connection or alliance with'any
section of the Union or collection of States
made powerless by intestine discord
There never has been a time when the influ
ence and power of the South yea its salva-
tion was threatened by such imminent peril
And there ntier has been a time when she has
had it so completely in her power by union
and harmony at home and the cultivation or
rriendly relations withthoe States and sec
tions of country that have shown a disposi-
tion to respect her rights to control the Leg
is'ation and the future of the country Let
her be united let her be firm bat respectful
to her opponents Let her be generous and
faithful to her friends nd she must rule Cat-
ton will stiU be Ling what think you ?
Very truly L. M J.
The Arrest op an ALLErst Underground
Railroad Agent The Washington Star of
Dec 13th says that Cornelius Hughes of
Connecticut whose arrest in Alexandria
county Ya we have before reported was
taken Into custody for attempting to indjee a
slave of Col Wm Minor hfedby Mr Carey
to run off. The Star say -
It iDnears that Huchcs saw Col Minor's
slave in Washington and attempted then to
persuade blm to escape but the negro refused
and told Hughes ifbewnald accompany him
home be would go off with him the next morn-
ing Hughes went to Mr. Gareys with the
negro and staid all night without Garey's
knowledge; the negro however at daybreak
mrormed Mr G of the circumstance and
thus led to the arrest of Hughes
Haghcs gave the boy written directions how
to make his escape with the address of a
house in New York city whence he would be
forwarded further North He adn tted that
he had given that paper to the negro and
said his object was only to get the S25 from
him promised by the negro for his assistance
There was found on Hughes (who seems to
be a machinist) a free pass for himself over
the railroads from New York to Washmeton.
He says he bas two sisters living In New York
and appeared anxious ta prevent naccoant
of his arrest getting into the newspapers
The paper furnished by him to tho negrd. ac-
cording to his own admissi u embraces the
necessary prooi ior 013 coutic.iuh "" 'um-u-ment
will be confinement in the State s prison
not less than two years nor more than five
Mr. Webster's Ueplr to t Challenge.
Danil Webster to John Randolph ofJloanoheA
Washington April 1816
Sir For having declined to comp'y with
your demand yesterday in the Uoose for an
explanation of worus of a general nature
used In debate yon now " demand of me that
satisfaction which your insulted feelings re
quire" and refer me to your friend Mr
1 presumcas he is the bearer of your note for
such arrangements a are usual
Thi demand for explanation you. In rav
judgment as a matter of right were not enti
lieu to make oa me uur were icuiiciiuiisij
of your own reply to my objection to tbe sogar
tax of a character to induce ne to accord it
as a matter of courtesy
Neither can I under the circumstances of
the case recognize in you a right to call me to
the field to answer what yon may please to
ennsli'pr an Insult to VOUr fcellncs.
lt Is unnecessary ror me to state other and
obvious considerations growing oat or this
case It is enough that I do not feel myelf
bound at all times and under any circura
stance to accept from any man who shall
choose to rlA nis own life an Invitation of
this sort although I shall be prepared to repel
in a suitable manner the aggre"ion of any
man who may presume upon Buch a refusal
x oar ooeaien a-rvau.
DANIEL WEBSTC
Two hundred years ago there were in all
Paris exactly three hunored and twenty car-n-iTes
and at the present date seventy thou
sanjl vehicles for passengers onIytraverse th
strei ts of the city every day.
K. TOOMBS LETTER.
The Augusta Constitutionalist In refemog
to the letter of the Hon Robert Toombs to
the Southern Commercial Convention says
"Its suggestions are practical ana practica-
ble an 1 if acted on hf Southern Legislatures
a long stride will be taken towards achieving
j one great object of these Conventions South-
ern commercial independence."
iir Toombs letter is inueeu a very sinsmg
document and although its suggestions are
not entirely new they are put in a more defi-
nite form than we have ever seen them before
And we see no reason why they should not be
put in the still more definite form of legisla-
tive enactments. If Georgia will take the lead
we feel assured that South Carolina will sec-
ond her In the effort to relieve Southern com-
merce from th thraldom of perpetual taxa-
tion by "the middle-men" of the North for
which they receive no other return than per-
p tual contumely and Injury Mercury
The following is Mr Toombs letter.
Letter from the Hon. Itob-rt Toombs to the
lomrar rclal lonventlon.
Wasiungtox Ga Dec. 6 1S3S
Gentlemen I duly received your polite
invitation to attend the Soutaern Convention
which will meet InSivannahontheSthiuit
and it was mv earnest wish and purpose to be
present but I now find I shall be disappoint
ed The thought which gave birth to these
Conventions was to devise some plan br which
the South could secure her just share of our
foreign commerce wmen is mainly supported
bv her industry This end must be accom-
plished it Is necessary to the wealth the
prospenty the strength and therefore the
safety cf the slareholding States It canbs
easily speedily and constitutionally accom-
plished. ircanno5boriene brolaatary com-
mercial associations; it will not be done
through the General oorernment ; but It can
be done and mnst be done by law Federal
legislation has been one of tbe important
acencies which hitherto has driven forelirn
commerce away from onr ports ; State legisla-
tion can bring it back and nothing else can
as long as this Union exists The power of
the State Government to tax without limit
all items of material wealth within her juris-
diction is clear unquestioned and unques
tionable me rcerai uouns nare expressly
and repeatedly affirmed it A. State cannot
nnder the Federal Constitution lay duties ou
import but she can tax all Imported commo-
dities offered for sate within her limits Not
only every State In the Union bat even every
municipal corporal on authorized to do so by
State legislation has exercised th s power
from tbe foundation of this Government to
this ay It 13 at this moment exercised by
Eome of the State greatly to our disadvan-
tage Take for example a bate of woolen
cloth imported from Eagtandto New York
there purchased by a Georcia merchant and
sold here to one of our citizens This bale of
good3 pays the Federal Treasury thirty per
cent a J valorem then it pays a State tax to
the treasury of New York; then It pays this
year one and three eigninspercem tome ma-
nicinal treasury of the citv of New York .
then It comes to Georgia and pays to our Statue
treasury one teniu oi one per cas tuns oe-
sidesthe burthens imposed on it bv the Feder
al Government and the State Government of
New York even the city government levies
nearly fourteen times as much out of it as we
do in Georgia These taxes are. of course
incorporated into the price and become a part
of the price and are paid by the Georgia
consumer It is the duty of our Legislature
to see to it that our people shall pay no taxs
except those levied by the authority of the
General Government or that of our own State
It is not our duty to pay the expenses or the
manicioal Government or New York or Bos
ton and it will be our fault and onrfotlyif
we continue to ao is Lfireci importation win
cure this evil as to foreign commodities; a
like remedy wilt care it as to domestic pro-
ducts Let ns first secure direct trade This
can be done by imposing a State tax of per
cent ad valorem upon all goods wares and
merchandise onerea ior saie witnin me atate
other than thosewbich shall be Imported from
foreign countries. Two objects should govern
in flllinz tbe blank 1st It should be high
enouzh to prevent all indirect importation of
toreign jrercnanuie.
2d li suoul 1 be high enoush to raise suffi
cient revenue for all the wants of tbe State
without imposing upon the people any capita-
tion or other direct tax whatever- If five per
cent tax was ic posed upon all such merchan-
dize it U not probable that the importers of
foreign merchandize intended for our consump-
tion wonll land them at any other ports than
our oYn. at the cost of fifty thousand dollars
in every million impored ; and if they did
some other wiser people would import similar
commodities directly and undersell them and
thus drive them oat of oar markets Bat if
we should be mistaken In the proper amount
of taxation to effect this object we shonld
raue tho tax until it did accomplish it The
Dower 13 unlimited the object Is invaluable
Tho second object is scarcely less important
than the first The most striking difference
between the legislation of the State and
Fel"ra.l Gnrernment U b spi in the
parsimony of the one and the profuseness or
the other. The treasury or the Federal Gov-
ernment is usually overflowing and nobody
complalm of it Congress employs three-
fourths of its time in devising means to get
nd of its redundant revenue Salaries are
high and of late are almost annually increa-
sed an 1 an utter disregard of economy marks
our entire Federal legislation- On the ojher
hand the State treasuries are generally empty
the State burthened with oppressive debts.
which some oi mem nave even repudiated
rather than Impose the necessary burthens
hv alirect taxation to nav them. State officers
are poorly even meanly paid and consequently
the teuerai uove"nmenaia i-iat orawins mw
ila services the ablest and test men of tbe
country to the great detriment of tho inter
ests ol tue crates ioe peopia ars couaiauuT
crying out for lavish expenditnre and even
for taxation by the General Government and
more vociferously crying out against both by
the State governments.
Yet toey pay all the taxes to both govern-
ments. The State expenditure is generally
equal and just an 1 for tbe benefit or all the
tax payers; the expenditure of the General
Government on the contrary is generally
nnnnl. nnfnst. nod tor the benefit of a few
only of the tax payers Th people of Geor
gia pay less tb3n Tour nun urea tnousana uoi-
lars to their State treasury and that is paid
reluctantly and grudiringly Assuming that
their payment to the Federal treasury is only
In eanal nronortion to their numbers tbey
pay into it the sum or above three millions or
.UI.m annnnTlir ( ttlV ft ! ffintpTlt ! Tfli
secret or this singular inconsistency la to be
found in the mode of levying the taxes and
in that alone The Federal government levies
its taxes indirectly the State levies hers
iiii-pctlv This la inst what I DroDose to do
Levy oar taxes on consumption it can be
more easily paid w shall then fill onr treas-
nrv in the extent of OUC wants nrotec' OUT-
elves against the unjust legislation of our
sifter States bnng direct trade to our porta
give profitable employment to nur capital and
labor educate our people develope all our
resources and 1 till 1 up great powerful and
prosperous common wealths able to protect
trepeoplofrnm all dangers from within and
from without I do not propose to go into
the details of th 1 roposed legislation the
wlndom of onr State Legislature will readily
perfec them We already levy a portion or
oirrevcnne In thia manner; 1 propose to levy
It all It needi no custom houses Lay thp
tax on all commodities except those Imported
frnm fthrnnrl. thf State Cftn easily Drovi ! feT
stamping and certifying the exempted goods;
tbi evidence must be shown by the seller or
the whole stock is taxed I wonld exempt tbe
merchandize brought to our ports for consump-
tion in other States. The drawback system
of the General Government furnishes a well
tried plan for effecting that object What-
ever other exemptions po.cy or tia interests
of soma of our sistera States nny draand 1
submit to the Convention and tbe wisdom or
tho Representatives of the people
I am very respectfully.
Your ob t servant
R. TOOMBS
Messrs Edward C Anderson Mayor and
others Savannah Ga
rrp-The Missouri Republican in a letter
from Independence dated December 20th 1856
gives the following interesting news from
Santa Fe and the plains.
In the region of Santa Fe and for some dis-
tance this ido of the mountains snow to the
depth of six or eight inches was npon the
ground
Tbe qz?rtz crushing apparatus now being
put up near Santa Fe bids fair to do well
Tbe general impression by all Uthat the com-
pany must be rery succesarul acd by the aid
of Buch machinery a complete revolution will
be made iu the mining operations of the coun-
try In tbe Rio Abajo mine particularly
those 0 Stephenson to which attention
is attracted more now than ever the
application of machinery will In a few years
make developments that will be astounding
Another object of attraction just now pre-
sents itsMr in the settlement and occupation
of the Fuecon country Jo which region Major
Stem gees out with four companies of troops
to garrison a post recently established Near
this country the great mineral region lies of
which yon nave heard much recently and will
hear more in the coming year About two
weeks before the mail left a party of Moggo-
lion Appaches earned off as pmoner Captain
n S Dolge Agent or the Navajo Indians
H was hunting som sixty miles below the
PaeWa or Zana when himaeir and party
were surpnsed and captured. One or the pris-
oners escaped and reported to Major Kendrick
at Fort Defiance who was taking steps to res
cue him. Up to the time or the prisoners es--
rtnJrre had been well treated and the im-
EressTon is that he will not be injured but
eld Tor ransom. The Indiana south are run-
ning off stock as usual but in the northern
part or the Territory are quiet. Bent recently
has bid Borne difficulties with the Kiowa and
was compiled to shoot two of them for which
act the bands threatened to take revenge and
it was only by the aid of the Cheyennes that
he escaped molestation The mail party met
large bodies of the Kiowas moving up in that
direction and doubtless trouble will exist be-
tween the two tribes and may ret be extend
ed to the whites A shooting match came off
at Santa re the parties or which were a son
of Capt McCrea or the Army and a yonng
man named uasion lately attached to the
1 Surveyor General's office The tatter was the
I assailant acd took a fair shot at the former
the ball grazing his bead over the left ear
Cauifc. rum ana women
We are experiencing a wicter. thus far. the
like of which I do not remember for many
In this county acd the farmers complain
that tbey are unable on account of the I many"
sudden changes to no muca oat 01 uoor wars
llon. P. Walker a Nicaragua.
The National Intelbgencer of the 18th Inst
gives the following brief report of the speech
of the Hon Percy Walker In the House of
Representatives on the 17th instant
Mr Walker of Alabama on risina to ad-
dress the body stated that he should en-
deavor to lift the House for a brief period at
least from the turbid pool of party politics to
the consideration of questions whose import-
ance and magnitude should address themselves
to tbe minds of statesmen and in tbe solution
of which were involved the great interests
E resent and future not only of this country
at of the civilized world. Be alluded to tbe
Central American question in regard to which
he believed the Government had made a mis
take from beginning to end
Mr W. then reviewed tbe history of tbe
Central American Republics to the present
time condemning the policy of England
with regard to them. He was not seeking
to Inculcate the idea of annexation though
be had no question that If onr fabric of Gov-
ernment should last it was a country which
was destined still farther to enlarge oar do-
main. He however was not one of those
disposed to hurry events preferring to leave
them to the order of time ; bnt he would bare
our Government so shane Its nolicr as at
least to afford encouragement to the efforts
made to produce a healthy and sound civili
zation within tbe Central Americas Slates.
He wished to see our Government abandon
tbe policy of extending our neutrality laws
beyond their proper interpretation; and it
seemed to him that a greater error had nerer
been committed not only by the present
but- hy ;iie past Administration- than that
which was evinced by the course we bad
taken with respect to Central America. Al-
though the doctrine of Mr Monroe that no
foreign Power should be allowed to interfere
with the affairs of this continant had proba-
bly recieved the endorsement or eTery lead-
ing statesman yet the history or the country
showed that it had been totally disregarded.
In his judgment IX there had been a wiser
by which he meant a bolder and more ener
getic foreign policy on the part of this oor-
ernment at thu hour we should hare nad
upon our Southern borders rriendly Republics
offering to ns either by railroads across their
narrow isthmuses or by interoceanlc canals
what we so much required and should com-
mand. If we would examine the subject; we
would find that It was across these Central
American States that the Oriental markets
were really opened to us. If we took the dis
tance around the Cape of Good Hope we
would ascertain that England was some
seventeen hundred miles nearer to Canton
and Calcutta than was the port of New York
while by the proposed canat across the State
of Nicaragua these positions would be entire-
ly reversed and the treat fact would stand
out of a diminution of that distance of three
thousand miles in faror of the American port-
u gentlemen would tase tne troaoie to nuse
a calculation not merely In miles and dis-
tance bat as to time they would find that it
was across these Central American States
that we could onty expect to attain a fall and
complete contrcl of acd a connection with
commercial operations npon tbe Pacific acd
at the same time bring to our shores the trade
of Asia and Australia upon one side and of
Europe ana Airica upon tne otner in new
of these Indisputable facts he would inquire
if the questions connected with this subject
were not of sufficient importance to wean onr
minds at least ror a brier period from the
turbulence or party strife and discussion 1
Mr. W. then alluded to the present posture
of affairs m Nicaragua and though be ac-
knowledged that the ctowda seemed to be low
enng upon Gen. Walker yet he believed that
there was that about the man which marked
hint for a long career and pointed him out as
an Instrument of great achievements commer-
cial and pohticaL If in May 1S56 it was im
portant to recognize the Government of Nica
ragua as essential to protect tbe rights ot
American citizens it was no less important
now
s s -
Exemptiov of Slaves from Execctiov
Nearly all the papers of the South hare of
late been: advocating the policy of laws ex
empting slaves from execution This policy
is advocated on the ground that It will greatly
enlarge the number of slave owners among
all clisses thereby tending to strengthen the
institution by laying broader and deeper its
foundation The policy is also recommended
by the consideration that it will necessarily
prevent the separation of families of negroes
which is rarel v ever done excent nnder forced
sales. The Liberty Gazette gives1 the sub
stance of the argument as follows
It is the datr of the South to interest the
people tbe whole people of the South In the
institution of S'avery To make it the inter-
est of every man to own a slave. It is tbe duty
of the South to attach her people one and all
(0 tbe iQatitutioo of SJaveryv ilk It the ia.
terest or those who hare not got any to get
some In this way the South would build np
around her a bulwork which no outside pres
sure could affect or jostle
Ana me nrst step in ims line 01 poucy it
occurs to us wonld be to exempt slaves from
forced sale nnder execution. Let it be once
felt through the South that slave property Is
exempt from execution and every poor man
In the country who has Bared and laid by a
f.w hundred dollars will think at once or In-
resting it In a negro In this way many a
man would become a slave owner who nnder
the present laws on tbe subject will neTer own
a slave. Make it tbe poor man's interest to
buy a slave let him reel that if he bays it it
cannot be taken from him and our word for it
he will buy one. Not only would the laboring
men of tbe South who do not own slaves now
become slave owners but la boring men from
the North and from everv cart of Europe
would be attracted here by the superior advan-
tages which such a law wo.il d hold out to the
poor We shouldn't wonder if under the ope
ration or such a law Horace ureciy ninuen
wtien tne fortunes 01 nis paper negin to wane
were to sell out come down South and bay a
little homestead and a few "niggers" and set-
tle contentedly for tbe rest 0 bus life dis-
turbed alone by remorse for the injury he bas
done his country
Finances op Houstov Ac Tlie report on
behair of the city of Houston by J. Dickinson
Esq. as chairman of the Finance Committee
for the year 1856 shows the total receipts or
revenue for the year to be $23810 45 $15019
8C of whichjconsists of wharfage alone Among
the disbursements are $1627 83 for dredge
boat expenses and $5657 23 as cost of new
hull repairs on gearing Ac The to tal cost of
tbe Tap Road and equipments is $121539 60
of which the iron cost $71760. and tho con-
struction by Messrs Kyle A Terry $25. J00- The
report shows that abont $95000 of cit.r bonds
have been issued of which over $90C00 ma-
ture by July 1st 1859 Tbe amount of indlnd
ual subscriptions to the Tap Road In Houston
and elsewhere is S25.000 We give the conclu-
sion of the report as follows :
The receipts of tbe roads for December are
SC09 88 against S600 expenses: an arrange
ment Is now en foot with the Harrubnrg Com-
pany by which (ir entered into) the p sition
of tbe Tap Road will be much improved and
as its business will steadily increase it is ex-
pected that out of the earnings of the coming
year there will be a surplus on hand to aid in
tne liquidation 01 tne maturing ouuus.
Tbe extension of the road Into Braxona
rountyisnow assuming a practical bearing
TheCommiss'ooersof the Houston Tap and
Brazoria JtiiIroii Company met in inis city
some two mouths since and another meeting
will be held in February next. when the reoort
of the Stock Committees will be received and
Directors chosen Tbe prospects of the Harris-
burg Company extending their line to Colum-
bus is now favorable when that connection is
formed a Iarg eextent of country at present
entirely cat off from all Intercourse with us.
win oe orouBjat 10 uur uours-
In view of onr increasing Railroad facilities
and opening of communication via Berwick's
bay witn new urieans ojr wmen muca 01 toe
passeogeT travel and tbe carrying trade will
be diverted In this direction from Matagorda
bay the revenue of the city from wharfage
the ensuing year will be materially augment-
ed so much so as to suggest the expediency
of reducing the present rates considerably be-
Iw what they now are. All of which is re
spectfully saDmuieo.
JOHN DICKINSON.
Chairman Finance Committee.
Kempt and t-xpendttares af tbe Csmti-
lion 01 uuinun ir ikc a.u.i9)
XKCSxrrs cuoull rcsn.
City Taxes . . .. tSffl 27
"cense ................. ssj
Market Kent 533 90
iiaxDoruucs .. .. ........... ............ as 15
Mayors Court..
400
Balance overdrawn .
BX2M
aicnm caxil itsd.
1V8 2T
ixcnrrs nosnrix rum.
HopItal Dues . . 049 00
Balance from November ... ZS15 W
Exrixnirvaxs aaaaaai. nrxrx
Streets . 2953 12
Fire Department ... 315 "O
Nmbt Watch . ... 2W S3
Prison Eipene 1 I
Intcreston Bonds -... tH 0
Printing . W W
i oro missions ..-....... -- ....... L 1
SiUries . ........
Balance overdrawn in Xovemtwyl .
aTTfKitm-TTatr CU At FV3tl-
Commissions .....
To Balance . . ..t...
. 63 80
M4UZU
zxrasDEi'iu nosrrraL sx'xn.
cemeines .........
Citv tJosDiial
EBE
Hospital Repairs..
banais .............
Pauper Expenses .
Commissions ......
403
500
313
Canal FnndbaUanlaTTt-atniry.
Hospital Fund baAnce In Treasury..
TUal balance J
TTPSW5W7....- ..? 49
Atteat
L.H. 81010.01 Bsttjt.
Paper. The following extract of a letter
toCaptJno G. Tod of this city may be In
teresting to some of our readers
"Having addressed you a letter heretofore
npon the subject of the advantages yonr en-
terprise would possess in establishing a pa-
per mill for home consumption and the papers
being unfortunately lost I will only cow state
that the consumption of paper for printing
purposes In a single office in your State is but
little less than $10000 per year. The sixty-
two newspaper presses in Texas are now all
supplied from the North and from the same
source Is also drawn all the rast quantity of
finer and coarser qualities used for wrUiog
acd In mercantile houses for wrapping ecrel-
oplng Ac.. &c It Is easy to see that the mon-
ey that is annually sent to tbe North for all
thi3 supply of paper must amount to a rery
U'-ge sum perhaps not less than a million of
dollars If this could be kept at home would
It not add greatly to the prospenty of your
State? Your enterprise if successful can
farnlsh the home market not only at large
profiutoyoamelf bnt at reduced rates to the
consumers. You will obtain the matenal at
hand at a mere tnflmg cost compared with
what paper manufacturers at the North hare
to pay Yon will be Bared all the charges to
whiJi the Northern paper is subjected in
freights insurance commissions Ac and per-
haps several profits also to Intermediate re-
taiiei3 or agents through whose handi it
usually passes before It reaches the consum-
er." It wilL or course be Inferred from the above
that Capt. Tod has been endeavorm? to ob-
tain the neceraary information to commence
thepsper rcatiog business lathw State and
theiacu presented -appear to us conclusive
that such business ought to be successful here.
Our own heavy outlays for paper bare compel-
led ns to make some inquiries in regard to
this matter and we have often been surprised
that an enterprise of this kind has been so long
delayed ; more especially as we believe but a
rery moderate amount of capital Is required
to start it Bat this Is really but one among a
thousand instances in which onr want or en-
terprise makes ns dependent upon those who
are abusing us acd continually inter meddling
with our local affairs. We complain or their
injustice and aggressions on our rights but
still we continue to Bend them our money by
millions annually. We not only send them all
our raw material to be manufactured and sent
back to us leaving them enormous profits
but we even send oar children there to have
their minds indeliablyimpressed with the crim-
inality or sinfulness of our institutions. Not
satisfied with letting them make onr paper
we also get then to pnnt it Into anti slavery
school-books for our schools audnoteTen sat-
isfied with this many of our wealthiest citN
zens patronize their schools to the utter ne-
glect of our own. Is not this treason to the
South?
COMiUERCIAL.
GALVESTON. THURSDAY MOKfT?0.1
January 15. 1S57. i
Br Staanwrs Charles Mnrm and Maxta we bad
in das time a week's later advices from the East.
gtfifflh-p Xurib. Amet lea Hu news from Liverpool;
to 2ith nit being kor dr later thautua Niagara.
Cotton tad; been active sales In three days 3C00
bales of which 2LD00 on speculation. New Orleans
H (Idling quoted al7 3-10J-
The Manchester market was active and prices lm-
pruvlng. Breadstuff firm and steady. ConsoJ un-
changed. The New Tork Cotton Market has been heavy and
lrooplng.audasthe news per orth America was
considered a disappointment pricei nave war on.
KXh c MlddUa-Itew Orleans was quoted MC
Honey was tight at Sew To k. and some heavy tail-
ores are reported.
Boston letters of 30th December stata that Cotton
was In active demand bolder asking 13c fcr Tjxas
Middling; The market was ipailngly supplied at
j (M..n. na!nin atBnerilir. hs been active
Cotton and Western Produce moving freely; there
are reports that natation in " ."-.
stopped by Ice weather had been imreraallr cold.
TheaccumnlatedBlocEoi'-oiwa w
.. . n..Miniii in shows recerp-S
. . . a. . .i.i. noma titiV urzer
only lmo ni """ "uu wv" -
than last year. The market wasdruoplng on Satar I
darwlthsalesofonlyawbales.
Moneywaalnactlvedemand and Banks unable to
meet It: discounts lathe street were nwtiatlce at
from S lo 12 p cent. poreienanddomteEachange
wa. depressed 00 ilaynslg&ton -New iorsinaiwu
2'i3TUPentn3Coa"tt" 3J P0-0 di9
count rre!gbttoUverpool9-lCdKew TorfciMse-
Boston 11-16C for Cotton.
Brig forth arrived from New York.
We had t light bwdnew during the week owing to
n j.imJsb nf nmlnn) at ifPCaidble SElPDinZ
Dolnts. There are advices or some rle or Trinity
Elver and ot neavy ruses in u uyi-ci uu i
tie confidence 1 had here however becau-e the
weather has been cold and dry lr a ioccelon or
The SteamerDoctor Massle was snagged snd run on
a find-bar in Neches Elver with 2T0 bales Cotton
mortof which were consigned here. It is scppo-d
that the damage will be fight and that the Steamer
can be raised acd repaired with little loss or time.
Fr Cotton tbe demand since the lsswi of onr last
report has been quite pressing the deliveries belog
short of requirements or vessels under ihamr and
very full prices hae been 1-aIL The s-Trntwhat less
Eivorab'e accounts from New York and Vew Orleans
per Mexico ha not affect-d the marteL We quote
ntnir.eLllltriCiTI01.
Inferior-...- m.iSc
Coud Ordinary. ! !!S5-
KUai.nc Jf '-
GoodltkidUns ""I v.
a-ii.. li.. been 1 ehl. atxxl UsU lair eawv &
placed at oatalJfl ntea.
In socar ana iioiaaseo. ii".
3TKCP 75c
DKrmDES-UgiDc:
PECANS-". -.
VOKTMBN HAY-SI SJ' " j....
I 0SlI.
ramjHTS-ToN. Tork . to BojIod HS".-
s..rlTMl are tortus !n&.- -n
wnt pr. uon N Tort mi J KS?V
cent discount tiRu.iu
.
NEW-ORLEANS MARKET.
S.OnauraS.liirtr.Jaa. 10.135T.
Stt in jr.. J"d r aWptaar i
DUallpan.paredwUh DalM
receipts or last rev.. . -
-.. . - t nn an arttra market
Onr repo.1 J-;-1 ..
with anucip'a
readied Mr S00 OiiJtoadaT.U5ib.ateiTff.
rw" . ....L-i ... t .in tirW After
enonlrr retired aw "" "" r-
tneae trenaloniterew.nl7ainod'-T"Mrlr
felt Immedinelroa talcand holder aalrd h.ber
ri. The demand conunneu v-..-. -
. 1 ... iAvnhi.a fnfhar.
business er tne annmw ".
and established a V- on prelou rl. Owtegt
amaU wsortmeal on saw. " - -
rai conflned u rw twe ---- -
mother hoJdayon the 8th. and expe.tutIyo of tour
European accouauuien aae uw
ness. and the sales barely reached SO a des.
Tour days later news from Liverpool was received
on the 9th. bat glvUg no bnpa.se to the d.. J.and. and
wUh bad wea-her and the Aslas newthrte days
later fully doe the sales only ei.Dt.rUul IWUU ba-'rs-
To-day the market weMsaumiaipw-uto.!
1 Jl t . Mtnrt .artthiHTr.lJl.1 Tftc-tlituf th9
AJaaadTlcts. The aaIesaeiJUbe'egajr
pricessjidoneMerirtiiat"iwuut.j M -(hMaae.
and the transactions slww a tendency la
t.vor of buyers vn-i
Tbe sale or he wee inovsmuiw" -
talea tor Great Britain France. U CoaMwA gP-"
ndtheNrth. t.
The Asia advices to 2Tlh December nw "
pool are the first to arrrve. and are 1W due r
trlegrapb.
COMPAHATIVE PRICES OF COTTON.
At this date. In U Utawum'-"
I i M i
Jtt 5
uaienor. . "--urd.
to Good unL. lai'
T.I . 0
Luw MhHUPg.r
llU.
a I 2
ova' 1 i-rr
UumiatwillHnf...
aT.Ul.Mmy I.UIH
rair ............
zsr- 1;
toli.....! M&-
1 I d
bterung ZZl a !
Eadiange... I tttii-l
. 1 w. nr.m 1 D.e.prciu.1 . v fivaaa.
JlESTLlrw.-- -
FairOrieana lzi!iff2-al &Z (& -
MnHi'Tig"1" ' ' -" ' z i2
. . . n.uiiIh..aK.an IsnrM. and
REHAB wolsiana. ike- -
prices range at about the quoUJons oi our lat re-
ttfcn0rr""". amm..ii...
"" . aa. U
fair to KuUy raw
. IU & id
cn !." "" j
.rt. jtsEatciiiKs exceed the dn.M.a. and
.IU v3
nrrVdepres-ed. tt'to1iMWi n-ujg
' .i.it ila ato WLi uaeiiu7 wvu-e
S?SioPaIaa2. '' il-1"
""ruxTlSSJsSI Ior Onl. and Ioduuia. and $1 Ibr
Stl!?JiS. ..JtMirril.to71i3o
U." fJT.iT.vSSHe. lor rtDbtalde.
K1iW"c;2f tlt lor So. J. aad 15c Ibr
SErFS!J.KH
"www - r---r.t-rt.ivitliia.arharfMA..
ra auu aouM isu.. i - rr : zz.rs.i. rr.rz
1Mb "A"-"!!!.!
ef yaiu iu iMr
ttan feviM la dulbm
in timim rangodfP
bftjtg. stxi "rJTT"rniw:i
at SjwA1U.SC. fcr bmb -"- z
txiirKU-cer the Urt w -v jwiv -" y-
??12EZ fcf ery Ordinary to ttfaj. aad
n"hS41??". ..w al rales imtraa.
JXSMSSMSSSSSS
loprenouarcpui. -."v r-Jmr
ooum. ud w per tor a UuroJBS.
BECEim OT TEZA3 TBODTJCE.
nnnsms a BABEISBnKO-UI tala. cotloaj
113 bldea : 1 bate ailaa; 1 aalaa moaw
lABEtl-tf bales anus.
Bgizos-M latoa cotton i SItarraIa ptaaao;
UtaiUttHa Balaam; lialeiaataav V
1
i
I
f
f
I
V--i
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Galveston Weekly News (Galveston, Tex.), Vol. 13, No. 44, Ed. 1, Tuesday, January 20, 1857, newspaper, January 20, 1857; Galveston, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth79874/m1/1/: accessed May 4, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.