The Orange Leader (Orange, Tex.), Vol. 35, No. 131, Ed. 1 Wednesday, June 2, 1948 Page: 1 of 4
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JFflEE
WEATHER
Fair this afternoon, tonight and
Thursday. Not much change in
temperatures. Gentle to moder-
ate northeast to east winds on
coast.
MEMBER Of THIS ASSOCIATED PKKSS
■
ORANGE, TEXAS, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 2, 1948
NUMBER 131
s
V ——
saving made east
vm to save a UtUe money?
Trjr the payroll, deduction method
Of buyinf U. 6. Savings bonds.
You can lay back any amount
you want to every payday through
thin simple, painless procedure
and it returns tour dollaars for
every three you put in. Ask your
tfeptayer for details.
'•—•Ml
VObUMK XXXV
•' i .r 1
WAR Q RIM E S Det"ils v"7Soon
;;j,ANDSBERG. Qermany. June
3L (AP) — Seven German doctors
'*Srid SS (Elite Guard) officers
died . on. American gallows today
for war crimes.
.They were convicted of killing
apt} maiming thousands in brutal
medical experiments in Nazi con-
centration camps. Their victims
were inmates of the camps.
They were the flsrt to be hang-
ed of 25 Germans sentenced to
death by U. S. war crimes courts
at Nuernberg.
r«Ml« in «| Hrrtfm
. Several died protesting their in-
nocence and complaining against
the American system of Justice
which convicted them.
All walked firmly to de^th on
two block gallows in the court-
yard of the prison where Adolf
Hitler wrote "MeLn Kampf" while
"confined there after his Munich
putsch 25 years ago.
The executions went off with-
out a hitch. The last man drop-
pad to his doom Just 62 minutes
after the first stepped on the trap.
Perveifed Science
Four of those hanged jv$re
doctors. Witnesses said they hau
/^perverted their science into s
murderous practice on helples^
living persons. The other three
executed were SS officers ion-
evicted of directing the Nazi-re-
search program." ■
The experiments described in
court included high altitude ex-
periments in which human guinea
pigs were crushed and strangled.
There elso were malaria, mustard
*gas and sterilization tests which
killed many—most of them dying
in agony.
Conferees Issue
Short Communique
And Promise More
LETS DO
A •' -Xk
ABOUT H I
V. JUNE ORANGE'S GREATEST
month of the year for enjoyment,
according to the vlows of most
citicens who have made observat-
ions of the various seasons here,
ffls during this month triat inter-
nwdiate weather usually prevails
-billot too warm or too cool—it's
the time of year when the swlm-
tptng pool season is on and when
ills Usually understood that fish
bite best. And it's that season of
year too that the pretty June
Wide Is most in evidence. And
surely the Orange swimming pool
• will be ready for use by this time
l&xt year.
By Alex H. Singleton
LONDON, June 2. (AP) — A
six-nation conference on Western
Germany's political and economic
future reported officially today it
has reached agreement on recom-
mendations covering the whole
lieid.
That was the heart of an 80-
word communique summing up
the results of six weeks of talks
which brought together high-
ranking diplomats, financial and
production experts from the
United States, Britain, France,
Belgium, the Netherlands and
Luxemburg.
Some Things Not Covered
It mentioned directly none of
the major accomplishments of
the talks — among them the rec-
ommendation to establish a sep-
arate Western Germany nearly
next year, plans for creating an
international control board over
the Ruhr's key minerals, or long
range methods for preventing re-
birth of German aggression.
E-ut it did say that a report on
its recommendations will be
made public. Diplomatiic officials
here said this probably would
not come before another two
weeks — after the recommenda-
tions have been reviewed in de-
tail by the governments con-
cerned.
Full Text Given
The text of the communique:
"The Informal discussions on
Germany between representatives
of the United States, the United
Kingdom, France and the three
Benelux countries, which began
In London, on 23rd February and
which, after a recess beginning
on 6th March, were resumed on
20th April, have resulted in a-
greed recommendations over the
whole field.
"These recommendations .. are
being submitted for approval to
tiie governments concerned, as
envisaged in the communique is-
sued on 6th March. A report of
these recommendations will short-
ly be made public."
NBC Offers to Give
Up 'Voice' Program
WASHINGTON, June 2, (AP)
—The National Broadcasting com-
pany today offered to step out of
the "Voice of America" programs
and lease its international radio
stations to the government for $1
a year.
Charles R. Denny, NBC vice
president, made the offer to a Sen-
ate investigating group that is
HUMAN ASKS
PASSAGE OF
BUS
WASHINGTON, June 2. (AP)
—President Truman made a new
plea to Democratic congressional
leaders today for passage of hous-
ing. reciprocal trade and educa-
tional legislation.
Mr. Truman's appeal was made
verbally at a White House con-
ference as ,the Senate stretched
out its working hours in a bid to
dispose of one of three bills la-
beled "must" by GOP leaders
aiming at a June 19 adjournment.
House Minority Leader Ray-
burn told reporters that the pres-
ident also discussed some of the
highlights of the five major
speeches he is to make on u cross-
country tour starting Thursday
night.
Rayburn was accompanied to
the White House by Senator Mc-
Grath of Rhode Island, Demo-
cratic national chairman; Senator
Lucas of Illinois, Democratic Sen-
ate whip and Rep. McCormack of
Massachusetts, party whip in the
House.
Rayburn was asked by report-
ers what the prospects ware for
House "passage of the long-range
housing bill which has cleared
the Senate.
"It looks like they (the Repub-
lican leaders) are more interested
in adjourning than they are in
passing legislation," he said.
Naval Forces in Mediterranean to Fight If Necessary
To Prevent Russia from "Overrunning" Other Countries
By William F. Arbogaet
WASHINGTON. June 2. (AP)
The biggest peacetime military
budget in the nation's history hit
the House floor today — 10,198,-
672,250 for the Army, Navy and
Air Force.
The Appropriations committee
at the same time released testi-
mony warning of the "alarming
menace" of Soviet military might
and disclosing that the United
States fleet now in the Medlter-I^he only means we possess,
ranean is there for two reasons:
First, to serve as a warning to
Soviet union not to try to over-
run any of the free countries of
Europe.
Evacuation Duty Fosrlble
Second, to be ready to remove
American forces if worst came to
worst.
Adip. Louis E. Denfeld, chief of
naval operations, told the com-
mittee just two weeks ago that
the Mediterranean fleet of one
carrier, three cruisers and 10
destroyers could be augmented
quickly.
(A 12 ship task force healed by
the Carrier Kearsage left Nor-
folk, Va., late yesterday to relieve
the vessels now on duty in the
Mediterranean.)
Discussing the use of U. S. ships
In foreign waters, Denfield de-
c-lured:
Sufficient Personnel
"Not only is the presence of our
ships in certain troubled spots of
the world today a cleat- indication
to would-be troublemakers of our
determinatid:) to maintain the
peace; it is also the means, and
u hereby we may act swiftly to
prevent the overrunning of criti-
cal areas by an enemy
"All the ships we have in the
forward areas are manned with;
sufficient men to act in any emer-
gency . ; . the leasoi we have
this task force ... in the Mediter-
ranean is to be available In the
event that pur occupation forces
huve to be evacuated.
"We have in Europe, occupa-
tion forces In Germany, in Tries-
te; we have missions In Greece
and in Turkey; and these ships
are there to be able not only to
e.a<-uate these personnel In case
of emergency but also as a show
of force to prevent any nation
from taking any action which they
might take if our ships were not
there."
Record Sums Sought
Two separate appropriation bills
—given top priority for immediate
action — provide $8,509,939,000
for the Army and Air Forces and
and $3,686,733,230 for the Navy
for the year starting July , I.
Their combined total l : $503,«
000,000 greater than the services
are spending this year and more
than three times as much as the
regular 1941 budgets for the
armed forces.
The committee recommended «
cut of 8.1' per cent, or $241,003,-
450, for the Navy, and 9 per cent,
or $^47,903,000, for the Army-Air
Forces, from amounts President
Truman had asked.
But both sums recommended
are in addition to approxlmately
-3,000.000,000 congress • recently
gave the service to buy aircraft.
Tiie new funds are Intended to
build up Army ami Air Force per-
sonnel to a top strength of 1,-
.234,500 and the Navy and Marine
Corps to 552,000.
Firemen to Leave
For State Conclave
Seven members of the Orange
fire department will leave seon for
San Antonio where they will at-
tend the state meeting of the Tex-
as Firemen and Fire Marshals'
association for the election of of-
ficers for the coming year.
E. L. Barker, Orange fire mar-
shall and first assistant chief, is
a candidate for fourth vice-presi-
dent of the state organization, and
at the present is president of the
southeast Texas Fireman and Fire
Marshalls' association. The other
representatives will make the
trip to support his candidacy for
that office.
They will be Chief Jules B.
Sanders, Barker, Captain L. T.
Smaihall, Firemen Clyde Stan-
field, D. B. Linscomb and A. W.
Barron. G. F. Rexses, who has 40
years active service with the lo-
cal volunteer fire department, will
go along as an honorary delegate.
Offices higher than fourth vice-
president in that association are
filled annually by taking an auto-
matic step forward each year, and
f
iiivcati§auiiK giuu)) iiiai ia i r ; i
trying to learn why a government Ielected to that post, Barker
a. :
"T WONDERFUL OROANIZAT-
-ION — The Orange County Old
DyfenOrs association originated and
promoted for the purpose of re-
viving and preserving the old time
spirit of hospitality and frlendli-
Although the origin of the
association came about almost as
a Joke with Major Monroe Chap-
man'as one of the prime promot-
aniany a heart has been glad-
id through the workings of
the association. One of the most
• unique functions of the associat-
ion is to remember the departing
members of their families with a
bouquet of flowers. And there are
* those annual picnics *nl get-to-
gather affairs.
'IMifc WOR* AND NO PLAY"
won't "make Jack a dull boy" at
Orange—the Orange playgrounds
opened Monday to provide Wn ave-
nue 61 wholesome recreation un
supervision, made
OBI cuI 'i®'". o«*jfr*** * 1 w •" i
possible by the Orange Recreat-
ion commission and directed by
J. B. Poddy to operate t to 11 a
in. and from J to g p. m. The pub-
lie playgrounds sat up In Orange
C constitute a favor hi behalf of the
youth that should be thoroughly
" tay 0v«gybodyiM«
linanced propaganda program
contained what Congress regards
as slurs on state and sectional
pride.
He made the offer after ex-
plaining just what happened to
bring congessional fire on the pro-
gram. He protested programs
were in Spanish and beamed to
South and Central America.
Denny, youthful former Feder-
al Communications < commission
chairman, blamed the difficulty on
"divided responsibility*' between
the State department and NBC.
Senator Brlcker (R-Ohio) com-
mented that "if we'd had a little
commop sense, either in the gov-
ernment or your company (NBC),
this never would have happened."
Denny told Bricker what Is
needed is "strong centralized con
trol."
Senator Hatch (D-NM) asked
If this might Involve government
censorship."
"We're not afraid of censor
ship," Danny replied. "The State
department has got to have a large
measure of control." ) ' 1
toiliill *tt by
SAN PEDRO, Calif., June 1
Fire which followed'an explosion
swept through a part of the Un-
ion Oil Company refinery here.
The plant Is one of the largest in
the Long Beach-Los Angelas har-
bor
will become president of the stste
association in four years.
standing accomplishments of his
organization since its organization
about 18 months ago.
Belile named the placing of
two Orange youngsters in Boys'
Haven in Beaumont, to which
project the club has contributed
$1,000; sponsoring of a boys' box-
ing club in cooperation with the
Orange Recreation Commission
and city police department and
leadership of various Optimist
members in other projects of the
community. *
H. C. CranfiU, program chair-
man for the day, introduced the
speaker and Mia. Jack Bailey who
presented the senior choir of First:
Methodist church in sacred music.
Mrs. Walton B. Gardner was the
accompanist ?;fj;••// ; -
Russell Curiae presented birth-
day bouquets to Dexter Shelley
end Paul /Gasow. H. L. Wolcott,
vice president, was la charge of
Grand Jury Returns
Four Bills Tuesday
The Orange county grand Jury
recessed Tuesday afternoon untij
July 6 after deliberating for two
days during the session and re-
turning bills of indictment a-
gajnst four persons. The panel
originally had been scheduled to
convene June 6 but was called
back a week early by District
Judge F. W. Hustmyre.
Persons named In only two of
the indictments ha*e been ar-
rested. Names of the others are
being withheld pending arrest. In
custody arc Cecilia Turpeau, Ne-
gro woman indicted on a charge
of assault with intent to murder
and Joe Martin, billed for car
theft.
Cecilia Turpeau is the maid who
IS charged with holding Mrs. Bur-
ton Roan of Orange on her bed
last month while a Lake Charles
white woman, Mrs. Charles Weik-
ert, allegedly beat the local wo-
man in the face with a pistol.
One of the. remaining indict-
ments is l>elleved to be against
Mrs. Weikert, who is free in Lou-
isiana under a $1,000 bond. Au-
thorities previously had said it
would be necessary to obtain a
grand jury bill against her before
extradition proceedings could be
started.
Mew Coal Strike
Would Be Tragedy,
Judge Declares
k WASHINGTON. June 2. (AP3
—Federal Judge T. Alan Golds-
borough told John L. Lewis' at-
torney today 1t will be a "national
tragedy" if there is a coal strike
next month.
Goldsborougii tossed out this
remark as Welly K. Hopkins, at-
torney for Lewis, and govern-
ment attorneys argued over the
government's request for a court
order requiring Lewis to bargain
with the Southern Coal Producers
association on a new soft coal
mining contract.
In what seemed an indication
of sympathy with the govern-
ment's 'equest, the balding judge
remarked conversationally:
"Now I'm aware that you can
carry a horse to water but you
can't make him drink.
"But, if people sit down around
a table and. fuss in good flith,
something usually fomes of It."
Yugoslav Ambassador Recalled
LONtfON, June 2. (AP) — A
spokesman for the official Yugo-
slav news agency Tanyug, said
today the Belgrade government
has recalled its ambassadors from
London and Ankara.
Salt Water Shows Up
In New Tidelands Test
DALLAS, Ten.. June 2. (AP)—
Chances for a second oil discov-
ery In the Louisiana tidelands
had faded today.
Magnolia Petroleum c<Mnpauy's
exploration II miles off the Ter-
rebonne Parish, La., shore devel-
oped salt water along with oil
yesterday. However, the well,
No. I Shop Shoal, is to be tested
In a higher zone.
School Aid Measure
the House
corrynlttw
Orange Businessmen Willing to Bet on
Notion's Future, RMA Manager Declares
Plain folks — worrying about
possible atomic warfare — can
find one reassuring fact right here
Rotorions Observe
Optimist Club Doy
Tuesday was "Optimist Day." at
the Orange Rotary club during its
regular luncheon meeting in the
Holland hotel. Ted Bellle, Opti-
mist club sergeant-at-arms, was
principal speaker, outlining out- fit home. That is the willingness
of Orange business people to bet
on the stability of our economic
future. Business is expressing
Its faith by continuing to sell with
a promise to pay as security. This
observation was made today by
W^ A. McNeill, manager of the Or-
ange Retail Merchants association
Retailers are doing more than
just talking optimism; they are
backing their Judgment by under
writing more credit purchases for
M^ attd Mrs. American than ever
before,' according to McNeill. He
said the volume of credit business
is growing every day
"The number of inquiries the
local credit bureau is receiving
for credit reports indicates re
tailors a rent scared. They are
planning on a long period of
stable Jobs and continued pros-
perity," the RMA manager de*
A subcommittee of
f<abor and Edp&tlon
today gave unanimous approt a!
to a bill in Congress extending
tiie l-andls acl for another year,
Orange School Supt. C. O. Chand-
ler raid In a long distance tele-
phone conversation from Wash-
ington this morning.
The bill Is intended to provide
Continued federal assistance to
schools in districts where large
government holdings of otherwise
taxable real property result In a
burden on local taxpayers. Sev-
eral Sabine area districts are in-
cluded In this group, among them
Orange, French (Osaumoit), VI-
dor and Cove (Orange;. ,
During the ptist school year the
local schodls rScfIved the largetrt
sum, approximately $200,000 In
federal assistance.
The new bill now goei to the
full Labor and Education com-
mittee where, according to
Chandler, a favorable report also
Is expected, The local school rnsn
said in his conversation this
morning that he Is "quite hope-
ful" of passage of the bill during
this term of Congress.
isn't confined to just our town.
Federal Reserve board figures
show that this is a general treid
all over the United States. This
optimism doesn't mean that re-
t?ilers are avoiding unpleasant
facts, however. They aren't ex-
tending credit blindly. Reports
from the Associated Credit Bu-
reaus of America, the trade asso-
ciation in St. Louis which gives
the local bureau national cover-
age. Indicate that merchants all
Over the country are demanding
to know the pay In#., habits— of
their credit applicants before they
sell their merchandise on time."
Liquor Drive Nets
25 Law Violators
CLARKSVILLI. Tex., June 2
(AP>~ Twenty-five suspected li-
quor law violators were arrested
In a night-ling series of raids in
Red River county which ended at
3 a in today. Sheriff Taylor Mc-
Coy announced.
All but two of the 25 pleaded
guilty before County Judge J. P.
Aubrey They were assessed
fines totaling $8,000 and given
Jail sentences, most of which were
suspended Court costs were ex-
pected total $2,000 or more.
Red River county Is "dry."
Working quietly so as not to
frigM*u away those still not ar-
rested, 17 '>fTI<era began the raids
at about 8 p in. last night. Ar-
rests were made at Clarksville,
Boguta and Bag.vell.
^ i1. . '<*./( I M
r v.;
m
TO GET COMMISSION1—
Midshipman Hugh Ochiltree
Lea of 1008 Green Ave., Orange,
is a member of the graduating
class. 1948 B. of the IJ. S. Na al
academy, Annapolis, Md.. Which
will receive diplomas Friday al
exercises to he held in Dahlgi en
hall. The commencement will
mark the end of the colorful June
Week activities at the Naval gcad-
emy and al the end of four years
of study for Mid.thlpman Lea.
The graduation address will he
delivered by Secretary of the
Navy John L. Sullivan. Midship-
man Lea Is the son of Mrs. Eliza-
beth B. Lea of Orange. Prior to
his appointment to the Naval
academy he attended Orange high
school and Bryan Preparatory
academy. During his attendance
at the Naval academy he received
class numerals in pushball, soc-
cer and fieldball. He also quali-
fied as an expert rifleman dur-
ing his fourth class year. In the
Brigade orgsnhtatkm Midshipman
Lea held the rank of midshipman
first petty officer In the first
group, midshipman chief pettv
officer (brigade color bearer) in
the second group, and midshipman
second petty officer In the final
group He will be commissioned
as fnslgn In the. U. S. Navy upon
graduation. (Official U, 8. Navy
Photo)
Subgroup Two Has
Command Change
('apt. C. J. Zaidorak ha,
assumed command of Subgroup
Two of the Texas group,. Atla ill-
Reserve Fleet at Orange. Comdr.
R. H Keehn, public relations of-
ficer, announced today.
Capt. /.ondornk relieved ('apt
M. T. Dayton, who has taken over
command of a naval vessel oper-
ating in the South Atlantic, ac-
cording to Commander Keehn,
The new skipfier of Subgroup
Two came here from Seoul, Kor-
ea, where he had been engaged
In intelligence work. Ills wife
and two sons will make their
home with him in Orange
TRUCE GROUP
TO SET HOUR;
iPliA ACCEPTED
BY BOTH SIDES!
By The Associate* Press
Arab nations acceped wtth. "ei- i"
piHnatlona" today the United Na-
lions proposal for a four-weak
armistice In Palestine. Tha ra-
ply made plain the Arab belief
there is no chance of lasting peace
while the Jewish state of Israel
exl'iti.
Isreal previously had accepted
with "assumptions." One of these
wax that unlimited immigration;
including men of fighting tge.
should continue during the arm*
tstice. The Arabs specified that
continued Jewish immigration
would constitute a grave threat to
the Arab "conntrlea* Z ~~ZZT
Fighting Continues
Scattered combat was reported
in Jerusalem and elsewhere In
Palestine pending a cease fire
time, which the U N. had not yet
set. '•;.|^".raSi
The Arab reply did not mafca
i lear whether the Arab accept-
ance of th* armistice is conditioio-
si on the United Nations' agreeing
to their "explanations." The Arabs
left the time of the cease fire to
be decided. The Jews had set ft
P, m. Orange time, yesterday,
conditional upon a similar Arab
order.
Folnl of Argument'
The "explanations" specified
thet en,x soiutpm -pkrtlt
Palestine Info Jewish end
states has no chance of succeg*.
That Is the very polnf over which
both 'ide* have been ikirmtshillg
since late hi November and war-
ring in th* open since May 18,
when the British mandate ended;
The Arabs also stressed Jewi|
Immigration as « peril* and
to be ollowed to cooperate with
the IJ. N. to supervise compliance
with the cease fife.
Prolonged debate,Ailty*l*>g
fighting vvili Continue, ap{
to i e "In prospect.
beared
19
r
Every credit customer, says
McNeill, has the responsibility
tor Justifying this confidence in
hu promise to pay, Businesses
that extend credit just can't con-
tinue successful operation if their
orodit customers fall ft pey their
accounts as atfreetf. Credit cus-
tomers can .share the faith of
American businessmen In our fu-
ture, states McNeill, If they will
keep paying records good.
School Transfers Must
Be Made Before July 31
J. F. Hammers, superintendent
of Orange county schools, said to-
day his office vn the, first floor of
the court house Is ready to re-
ceive applications for transfers to
and from the different school dis-
tricts in this county. He set -a
deadline of July HI on the moves.
Hammers said that the pupils
who reasonably expect te be In
another district at the begiani
of the next school term should
make their appttoefions for trans-
fer by the same deedllne. Co-
operation In the past in this move
has been excellent, he said.
Efforts to Settle
Roil Fuss Kept up
WASHINGTON. June 2. 'AP.
- White House efforts to settle th*
railroad labor dispute went for-
ward today In the face of pros-
pects that pickets may greet Pres-
ident Truman on his cross-coun-
try speaking tour.
Presidential Assistant John R.
Steelman summoned negotiators
tor the three disputing unions to
another White House meeting.
Steelman has met alternately
with the unions and with rail-
road management.
The - unions . want something
more than the 15 1-2 cent pay
boost and • working rule changes
that most other railroad unions
settled for In 1047. The carriers
have refused to change the pat-
tern.
In his talks with both sides
Steelman is understood to be ex-
ploring the possibility of getting
some additional rules changes for
the brotherhoods of locomative
engineers, firemen and enginemen,
and switchmen.
:-i " fi'1!''.' IvVT
ppk<
MOSCOW, June I. (AF)«—U. S
Ambassador Walter B. Smith lost
30 pounds,,on his. recant fishing
trip In Normandy. He blamed It
on a minor Intestinal ailment and
said he didn't miss It
Can't Afford to
Keep $100,000
According to a Topeka, K)n.,
newspaper. Harper Lyon, former
resident of Orange and ex-staff
member of. the Leader, was rich-
er by 1100,043 recently but re-
fused to keep the money because
hf "cant afford to pay the income .
tax."
Lyon, who operates a photo ser-
' Ice at 114 West Eighth St, in TO-
peka. made some lahtem slides
for the Pittsburgh, Pa., Chemical
laboratories, Inc. and submitted
his bill for 143
l.ater he received a check in
payment, but is sending it beck.
Numbers on the check were for
the correct amount, but where the
sum wan written out on a check
writer it showed one hundred
thousand a.nd forty three dollars."
Lyon said he Was going to jhOW
it to his wife and theh return U-
"f.Juxt can't afford to keep Ifc**
he declared.
ORANGE JUICE..
After standing in receiving Ine
for tv. o hours. Tuesday afternoon
at tea complimenting RENA
BROWN, hec sister. MRS. t"5SS
PADDLEfORO admitted to a re*
porter. "My feet's killing me"
. *. .. Just off the press are cards
announcing his new business set-
up by MAJOR MONROE CHAP-
MAN and greetings say: "Old
Timers, Other Friends of MattfO
B's Kin Folk, . . " .TV . MRS.
ALVIN KEOWN so excited
a rrdio broadcast from Hot!
wood, Calif., where she 1* va
tionlng that when asked by
Emcee what the population of
snge is. asserted: "4300" -
Note to CITT HOSTESS P
DRAKE: will you
home long enough to call
truly for aame of a w
we've Just discovered?
JUDOE W T. FOUNT.
Ing^a disturbance at
. house after lasnini
I and falling cut of his
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The Orange Leader (Orange, Tex.), Vol. 35, No. 131, Ed. 1 Wednesday, June 2, 1948, newspaper, June 2, 1948; Orange, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth308737/m1/1/: accessed May 26, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Lamar State College – Orange.