The Civilian and Gazette. Weekly. (Galveston, Tex.), Vol. 24, No. 5, Ed. 1 Tuesday, May 7, 1861 Page: 1 of 4
four pages : ill. ; page 24 x 18 in. Digitized from 35 mm. microfilm.View a full description of this newspaper.
Extracted Text
The following text was automatically extracted from the image on this page using optical character recognition software:
.V . 1
HTe:
aníi
.«i* *
(S alette.
\
-i
lliLWBSTM jreBKLf CWILUM
i ¡i itdibti «jewA* A C®.
raica o iinciimiii:
........ 3 00
i and tfty eenti for
, will be entitled to the other
I D*ily per
. C omctcUJ per *na«M.
P„—.t,r remitting Mr
'i each advance «abaerlber,
Hity cents for cot
utii oi adthttmiha .
For ■ «ingle fqaare often llne , or leu, |tbr the Ant
and 50 cents additional for each subsequent Insertion
A liberal deduction made on vearlyadvertiwmentsraiuj
; to those who advertise by the quarter or year.
TOE* a* ahiil ao* i eu-
® E7~The Indianola Courier say that -the
_> volunteers are all to rendezvous ai Victoria
within a few days, where Col. Van aa
Cqpmander of th* Department of Texas, will
make £ja headquarters for the present.
W The Indiaoola Courier states that the
, schooner Twilight was seised by Deputy Cel-
lector Jooea at Aransas, a few days since. This
▼essel was lately in tba employ men t of the U.
' S. government, and was about to proceed un-
der orders to the Fort at Tortuga*, tp be there
turned over to the military authorities.
;; C2T The steamer A. S. Bath ven, Captain'
■ Thos. Peacock, arrived here from Liberty this
morning with 5 bales cotton and the following
passengers":
- — " , Button,
i«, Mercer,
McMabns,
Wolfed Scroggins, Seriales—8 on deok.
3 t^cThe Richmond Reporter states that, in
that place, o^ the night of the 21afrinat., while
a party of Germans of that (own were caropsing
the streets in a lager beer frolic, two of the
partj9 ChA Roser and Julius Bohne, engaged
in abracas with each other, which resulted in
the Shooting of the latter by the former. Bobne
ived half an hour after being shot Roser
14k arrested.'
V' '
<«• • " miaga
.18 of tbem
GALVESTON, TUESDAY MORNING, MAY 7. 1861.
NO. 5.
The Brow as vil le Flag of the 18th iasL, has
intelligence of a remarkaOe movement among
the Meximericaas residing in Zapata County.
About torty of them organized and armed in
pneinct No. 3, and, en the 12th i nal-, atarched
towards Carizo the county seat, to prevent the
#onnty officers takiag the oath of allegiance
prescribed by tbe Convention. They were over-
taken by the Chief Justice Don Yaed o Vela, by
whom some of them were persuaded to return
to their homes; but tbe main body filsl Off to- ,
(ancho to issue a pronunciamento, which
the? were-going to have tbe Chief Justice send
to the Doited States by express.
The first act, was that of appointing Com-
missioner, to visit the upper part of the eonnty
to raise a force to join them in the revolution-
ary movement. He succeeded in raising an,
armed force oi thirty men, and had started on'
- I#" At a meeting of tbe Wigfall Guards,
told at their ball last evening, for tbe pnr-pose
of reorganizing tbe company, the following
gentlemen we® elected officers :—Jai. McGrath,
Captain ; N. C. White, 1st Lieutenant; E. G.
Carroll, 2d Lieut; J. Falvetl, 3d Lieut.; G.
Patterson, O. S.; "Wm. Reddy, Vg Bargt.; Jas.
Coyne, 3d Sergt.; C. Gay, 4th8ergt.; Phillip
Dugan, EnaigS; Thos. Curpbey, Secretary.
original company.
Col. Ford, with hia usual promptness, i*a-
madiately dispatched a messenger to Capt. Nb-
rectkmary movement. We were told that Col.
4 W The Natidbal Intelligencer says that
some of the troops recently returned from Texas frontier, such a force as will protect Mexico and
are d*w among those employed by Lincoln in 1 at tbe same time observe tbe proper treatment
Ford intended going up himself, 6ut wns pre- finally consolidated into one fcind. They
" * . ' T ' * An.aéítntA In fl.no DmtoSn nnaMln nna *1
rented bj counter Influences of an im¡*>íttnt
character. '
It Occurs that several of tbe Zapata county
officers Hkve had their lives threatened by the
insurgents, as has also tbe Deputy Collector at
Carizo, Jobs D. Mussett, Esq.
Tbe Corpus Cbristi Ranchero of Saturday
last baa the news from Peter Mullen who par-
ticipated in ther affair, that on Monday the 15th,
at daylight, Capt. Nolan, with 23 men, attacked
the insurgents, (then numbering about SO men)
eighteen miles below Carizo, and completely
routed them. Tbe Mexican abolitionists had
pronounced for the D. S. Government. The
Mexicans had three killed and six woumled.—
Capt. Nolan's command sustained no loss.
It is supposed that Cortina has had something
to do with this movement, as he is known to
have been on this 'side the river, within 20
miles of Brownsville, soliciting aid for auqther
attack upon the American settlements. It has
also transpired that he was the instigator of
the late supposed Indian foray in the south-
western counties.
The Brownsville Sentinel says that it seems
that President Juarez is taking prompt and ef-
fective steps, by sending to tbe Rio Grande
barrier the troops changed cars, many
cocking their musketa .as thay stepped
on the platform.
After embarking; the assemblage expected to
see the train move off, but its departure was
evidently delayed in tbe vain hope that the
crowd would disperse. But no. it-swelled, and
tbe troops expressed to tbe otficet of the road
their determination to go at once, orlkey would
1e<ve the cars and make their way t¿Waah-
iogton.
While tbe delay was increasing the excite-
ment, a wild cry was raised on the platform,
and a dense crowd ran down tbe platform tend
out the railroad track towards the Spring Gar-
dens, until tbe track for a mile was black with
an excited rushing mass. Tbe crowd, as it
went, placed obstructions of every description
on tbe track. Great logs and telegraph polea,
requiring a dozen or mora meo to more them,
were laid across the rails, and stones rolled
from the embankment.
• A body of police followed after the crowd,
both in a full run, and removed the obstruc-
tions as fast as they were placed on the track.
Various attempts were made to tear up the
hia way to Carizo, to net in concert with the jwood and pieces-of Umber,
1 and there was a great outerv fcr pickaxes and
' f handspikes,itut only one or two eouhl be found.
, English Consols.—Tbe word ¿ consola,",
lan -««♦'"—« -t Port Mcintosh to lenair at n3ed in En,ish financial circles, is an abbrevia-
lan, stationed at rort Meintosnierepair. at Uon ^ ^ tenll "consolidated fbnds," and
once to Carizo and promptly quell this inaur- ««prise several three per cent Gov-
■ f . ttr 4~1 A tV.4 —4 A 1 _a a a!
annuities, granted at different times,
the defence of Washington city.
The citizens of Southern Illinois, as a 4>ody,
"are in favor of tbe South. Tbe report that
sou® fifteen milea of railway track, thirty miles
above Cairo, bad been torn up by the people, is
confirmed. At Cairo there is general in.ligna-
tiati expressed againat Lincoln and his policy.
Troops at Cauto—It ia stated eight hnn
dred men, were, at the last accounts, stationed reqU¡s¡ti0n°
at Cairo, with two car loads of ammunition and
four brasfl 12-poundera. Four thousand two
towards Americans. With a force of three or
four thousand regular troops stationed on the
Bio Grande, it will be impossible for such pre-
datory villians as Cortina to play bide and seek
on Mexican soil. With sucb a force when our
government makes formal demand on Mexico
for any right, the officer on tbe Rio Grande will
have strength enongh to grant and enforce our
hundred men more and
of munitions of war were
spot on tbe 23d. Tbe object of the fortifying of
Cairo and Columbus, and the plan&ng of troops
Nothing is said about tbe report of tbe burn-
ing of Roma, whicn was doubtless unfounded;
7L iv. but the Sentinel says that a band of thieves
to arrive at the same . . . . . X). .. . ,
have been banging about Rio Grande C ity for
, some time.
_ The diligence from Monterey, brings infor-
there, seems ««ply to be the obtaining of a mation of a fi ht betweea DobIado and Mejia
command over the navMtaüon of the Shss«s.p-!andthat ^ force of ^ former wa3 badly
p., for the purpose of preventing the passage beateD ,t ¡3 further 8tated that Mejia is ln full
of proTisiona or of ar^is southward. 1
I possession of the Real 4c Catorce. If this be
f™.ia " th« inauguration of another revolu-
der, fjfM arrive^ frtya San Antonio, which city
be left last Thursday, and reports that the re-
mainder of Capt. A. F. Lee's company of U. S.
troops, from Camp Stockton, some 30 men,
haye surrendered to the Confederate9 forces at
San Antonio.
Capt. K. Et Blair, U. S., resigned at San
Antonio.
The report that the ü. S. troops from above
have fortifiea themselves at Fort Clark cannot
be true, as it is known that they could not reach
tbe fort untllQome time in Hay. •
HT The Columbus Enquirer of April 27,
says that Col. Wash Crawford arriyed at that
place the night previous, accompanied by two
companies—one from Independence, Capt. Rob-
inson, and one from Brenham, Capt. Rogers—
on their way to Indianola. There were about
one hundred and twenty men iu all. .
Another company from Austin county, num-
bering one hundred and twenty, were at Col-
umbus to^eaye the evening of the 27th. They
were too late for Indianola ; but may find work
elsewhere. Tbe Colorado "boys were, we be-
lieve, more fortunate, a company, having left
Columbus fSr Green Lake last Sunday week,in
tiimi to assist in the Rapture of the United
States troops.
Tujua.—Tbe fear that tbe supply of flour
was about to fall short at New. Orleans, last
week, was unfounded. On Saturday tSe market
had been lasa actiye, but priees were maintain-
ed, tbe sal^ np to Friday evening embracing
10,000 bbls. at a range of $5 20@$5 25 for su-
perfine ; $5 50@4 75 for ordinary to good extra,
and $7(38 50 V bbl. for choice.
On Saturday the business comprised 6500
bbls. including 5100 superfine, at $5 23; 445
at $5 35; 200 good extra at $6 50; 275 choice,
at $7; 150 at $7 25, and 100 at $8 50. Round
lota quoted at $V25 foi^superfine, $5 S2]4@4
for low extra, $• 25@6 50 for good, and $6 75
<¿8 50 for choice.
Week's receipts, 28,025 bbls.; exports 15,872
of which 6213 tS l.iverpool, 7374 to London,.610
to Balize, 275 to Tampico, 163 to Apalacbicola,
282 to Lavaca, and 500 to Galveston.
'
0* The Pilot boat Royal Yacht, Captain
Chabb, from Indianola the 28th inst., arrived
bere yesterday, having on board tbe guns be-
longing to tbe Galveston Artillery, and the
; mails. Capt Chubb reports that he removed
tbe arujJI ammunition and equipments of the
federal troop^snrrendered on their capitalation
to Col. Van Dora, from Saluria to Indianola,
where they were planed in charge of State
troops. m
Col Van Dora was to have marched yester-
day morning en rouU for Saa Antonio, to moat
tbe U. S. troops now oa fjeir way to the coast-
He had 800 men to start from Indianola with,
and was confident of being joined at Victoria
by 4,509 more, which «would make
total of 2¿00 q^n. With these he intends to
escort the wearied fefcral. troqps to their com
rades on board th^chooners in Matagorda bay.
Tbe Surrendered troops are on board several
schooners hi the bay, and have no communica-
tion with the city unless by boats. An assistant
Surgeon, lately resigned from the U. S. army,
came a passenger on toard the Yacht.
a i i,, i
State •! fblafi at Wasklaftea.
The Washington Chronicle, (Republican,) of
Sunday last, the 21st, says :
There must be over eight thousand troops in
arms ia this cit& of all gradea, regular, local,
and the volunteers from other Statoa, includ-
ing the armed citizens temporarily present on
business or pleasure.
It ira strange yet most animating spectacle
to look in upon tbe Capitol rooms. It is a great
garrison. Nearly eight thousand troops are
quartered in it rooms, and ret so vast and spa-
cious is this splendid edifice, that there are
abundant accommodations fo^three thousand
more.
Gen. Lane, of Kansas, has formed a company
of one hundred men, to guard the White House.
Thursday evening they slept oa the arms in
the " Cfcst Room, aad bald themselves in rea-
JídAs for any emergency*
Keep your seeds, bulbs, tub, Ac., A a place
where neither heat, no* front, nor damp can
reacMbem; for either of tbeae would destroy
many.
The Indianapolis Sentinel, which purports
to apeak for " one hundred thousand voters,1"
delivers itself ta this wise:
The telegraphic dispatehes announcing that
civil war commenced in Charleston harbor, on
yesterday morning, will cans* intensa excito-
meat all over the country. Civil strife ha*
rTrr ' The abolition and disunion sd
mimatratien have attempted the boercion of the
Confederate States. Such an the first fruits
of republicanism—the end ao oaa can foranas.
Mr. Lineoln «01 seek to evade tbe responsibili-
ty of inaugurating civil war, by charging the
tion.
Latest frena Indianola.
constitute, in Great Britain, nearly one half tbe
public debt, and hence tbeir use and fall is
considered a- fair index of the condition of tbe
British money market. The term '* fund," in
England, is somewha' of an equivalent for our
"governmenLstocks," but there is this differ-
ence in the character of the two investments,
yiz : our government stocks are loans redeem-
able at a certain period, Vbile British 'consols'
are irredeemable loans on which the British
government guarantees to pay the interest, and
hence the consols are, in tact, annuities. There
are other British loans of a contemporary
nature, which we think pay 3 1-2 per cent,
interest. The low rate of interest which rules
in England, furnishes, as we may well suppose,
the reason why so much British capital seeks
investment in this as well as in other countries,
where money being less abnndant, the rate of
interest advances in proportion.
The Amazon, in South America, the largest
river in the world,has an area of drainage nearly
three times as large as that of all the rivers of
Europe that empty themselves into the Atlantic.
This plain is covered with a very dense forest,
through which the only paths are those made
by the river and its tributaries. This forest is
literally impenetrable. Humboldt remarks that
two mission stations might be only a few miles
apart, and yet the resident would require a day
and a half to visit each other, along the wiod-
iigs of small streams. The wild an m lis them-
selves get involved in sucb impenetrable mas-
ses of wood, (even the jaguar,) that they live
forj* long time in the trees, a terror to the mon-
keys, whose dominions they have invaded.—
The trees measure from eight to twelve feet in
diameter, and the intervals are occupied by
shrub-like plants, which here, in these tropical
regions, become aborescent. The Amazon is
navigable for 2000 miles from the ocean ; it is
nearly 100 miles wide at its mouih, in some
places 600 feet deep; and its torrent projects, as
it were into tbe oce^n more than 300 miles per-
ceptible, altering its waters at this distance
from tbe American shore.
The steamship Gen. Rusk, Captain Leon
Smith, arrived this morning from Indianola.—
The Gen. Rusk left Galveston with freight and
passengers, April 28th at 6 P M., arrived at
Indianola at 8 P. M., of the 29th.
The U. S. troops, under Maj. Sibly, were
embarking on board schooners Mystic, Urbana
and Horace, bound to New York.
Col. Van Dorn and command had made their
camp at Victoria, and were making prepara-
tions to intercept the U. S. troops expected
down.
It is reported that Col. Reeves and command
had fortified at Fort Clark.
Major Couningham, U. S. army, and family,
and Lieut. Whistler, U. S. army, and family,
came up on tbe Ruakv - -
The bark Cat alto and. schooner ;ar-
rived at indianola at 11 Al Mwof 29th. ' -
The Courier gives'the following an the vol-
unteer forces, who embarked at Indianoli to
intercept the U. S. troops, who were endeavor-
ing to escape by water :
On board the United States were Captain
Stapp's Company of Indianola Guards, num-
bering 82 men—Capt. Hampton's Company from
Victoria, numbering 52 men, and Capn. Wil-
bnrn's. Company of 25 men from Jackson
county.
On board the Mobile were the companies of
C/ipt. Phillips, of Lavaca, 70 men ; Captain
Finlay, of Lavaca, 65 men; Capt. Searcy, of
Halletaville, 86 men ; and Capt. Selkirk, of
Matagorda, 36 men.
On board the Fashion were the companies of
Capt. J. G. C. Key, of Gonzales, 73 men ; Capt.
I. G. Jones, of Gonzales, 61 men; Capt. A. C.
Horton, of Matagorda, 44, and Capt. Ben.
Williams, of Lavaca county 31 men.
The volunteers on board tbe United States
were commanded by capt. D. M. Stapp, those
on the Mobile by capt. Geo. F. Finlay and those
en the Fashion by col. De Witt..
Besides the above mentioned companies there
were about 25 men, unorganized, from De Witt
—making in all about 650 jnen, who tfen?
down on the expedition. .
The United States took the lead, followed by
tbe Mobile and then by the Fashion. Tlie first
named vessel arrived at the Pass and came to
anchor within gun shot of tbe schooners having
the U. S. forces on board about 7 o'clock P. M.,
and the other vessels took position a little fur-
ther off to await orders for action. Col. Van
Dorn went dowa on board the propeller.
In tbe meantime volunteers continued to pour
into tbe city—men from Gonzales, Victoria,
Colorado, Fayette, Wharton, Fort Bend nnd all
the surrounding counties, and parties arriving
reported that if messengers were, not sent to
stop them, there would be at least 6,MO men.
We learn tbat some 250 were stopped et Lavaca,
though a large cotApany chartered the schoouei
J. G. McNeil and came down anyhow. Hie
disappointment was seriously felt by these
parties tbat tbey had not arrived in time for tbe
expedition.
Air and Water.—The weight of the at-
mosphere is equal to that of a solid globe of
lead sixty miles in diameter. Its principal
elements are oxygen and nitrogen eases, with
a vast quantity of water susjiended in them in
the shape of vapor, and commingled with these
a quantity of carbon in the sh&pe of fixed air,
equal lo restore from its mass, many fold, the
coal tbat now exists in the world. In common
with all substances, the ocean and the air are
increased in bulk, and, consequently, dimin-
ished in weight, by beat. Like all fluids, they
are mobile, tending to extend themselves equal-
ly in all directions, and to fill up depressions
wherever vacant space will admit them ; hence,
in these respects, the resemblance between
their movements. Water is not compressible
or elastic, and it may be solidified into ice, or
vaporized into steam ; the air is elastic; it
may be condensed to any extent by pressure,
or expanded to an indefinite degree of tenuity
by pressure being removed from it; it is not
liable to undergo any change in its constitution
beyond these, by any of the ordinary intlueuces
by which it is affected.—M. F. -Maury.
WEDNESDAY* MAI 1, 1861*
Mb. Wm. Thomson, one of the early settlers
of Galveston, and a soldier of the revolution of
Texas, died at his residence ia this city, last
Monday night-
fg* We have had tbe. pleasure of seeing
Messrs. Logan, ot tbe San Antocio Herald,
and Chambers, of the Liberty Gazette, in town,
within the past two days.
.
Tbe steamship Matagorda, W. S. Shan-
non, eommander, from New OrleaM via Ber-
wick's Bay and Sabine, arrived la;it evening,
with tbe following passengers i
Shannon and lady, Mrs Miller, E. Morris,
Mrs Poindexter, Mrs Polley,0'Rilev, H M Rose,
J W Walker, J Wright—5 on deck.
far* We understand thai David Gregg shot
and killed his son-in-law, W. H. Wilson, at
Liberty, lpst ^undjgr^eyei^ng. Wilson piar-
ried tbe daughter of Gregg, against tbe wishes
of the father, aom* eight months sinoe; but the
parties were understood to have beoime recon-
ciled, and the shooting is reported to-have been
unexpected and withont apjiarent cause. Gregg
had been arrested. -
OF" As yet there is no falling off in tbe re-
ceipts of \Vestera (Swduce at New Orleans. The
papers of Monday put down the following as
among the receipts for tbe week ending Satur-
day evening: Four, 32,169 bbls.; woeat, 2221
sacks; corn, 100,802 sacks; pork, 6611 bbls.
and tcs.; beef, C34 bbls. and tcs.; bacon, 3982
casks and tcs.; whisky 1308 bbls. Tbe num-
ber of river steamers for the week ending Fri-
day noon last, was 62.
The Houston Telegraph states that, on
Friday last, whilst the children of Mr. Chas.
Brown, Mr. Dailey and Mr. Waters, all living
in Hoffman's Row, across the long bridge,
were at play, they ate some of the leaves of the
Jamestown (Jimson) weed, and were poisoned.
Dr. Robinson was called to them as soon as it
was discovered, and he succeeded in saving all
but one, the little daughter of Mr. Brown. This
child has since died.
In reply to the questions, whether under
existing circumstances clearai.c ;s to Northern
Atlantic ports should be continued; and whether
Rosin and Turpentine were to be regarded as
Naval Stores, Mr. Memmioger, Secretary of
the Treasury of the Confederate States, says—
"Our Government will not violate the law of
nations by seizing private property which has
entered our ports relying oil our protection.—
Continue to grant clearances to vessels not
carrying out naval stores and supplies to the
enemy."
I5ÉT" The want of arms seems to be general
among the militia of the Confederate States.
Gov. Moore, of Louisiana, in reply to a cajl
from the Mayor of the city of New Orleans for
6000 stand of arms, says that it is out of his
isomer 1" comply with the request n ade. All
the arms in tl)e Arsenal at Baton Konge, are
only enough to distribute to the troops required
by the Presideut, leaving but a very moderate
reserve for the use of tlie various volunteer
companies now beiug raised in the city of New
Orleans, and the country parishes, for home
defense.
Letter 1 rom Cairo.
Accounts by mail, from Cairo, at tbe junction
of tbe Ohio and Mississippi rivers, are up to
April 25th. One letter says that, judging from
the writer's own observation, there are about
six hundred individuals here arrogating to
themselves the title of soldiers, and they have
the greatest cause for feeling exalted by the ap
pellation of any he has yet seen bearing the
title.
A correspondent of the Memphis Avalanche
puts down the number at about 1,700, on the
25tb, while more were expected. They have
only two small pieces of cannon at present, but
it is understood that a park of ten heavy guus
will arrive in a day or two.
The military are as yet unable to stop all
suspected boats, on account of tbeir want of
cannon, but as soon as the batteries are erected
every Southern bound boat will be overhauled
and articles contraband of war seized.
Opinions among the citizens of Cairo are di-
vided. A majority, however, are friendly to the
South.
Passengers on tbe down train state tbat every
bridge between this place and Sandoval is
strongly guarded.
Several boats, it is said, have succeedeJ in
passing since the investmptj. Their lights
were put out, and tbey floated past the city un-
observed. One of these, it is said had a large
quantity of ammunition inteuded for the seced-
ers at Memphis.
A later account reports the arrival of rein-
forcements, ; nd say that there is now about
5000 troops within an hour of Cairo. Many
are stationed along the line of the railroad;
others are guarding the levee above and below
the place. Fully 2000 are in the place itself.
Cairo is under martial-law. The women and
childre i have fled tbe city, and the soldiery now
have entire possession of the town. The citi-
zens as a class, are for the South, and wait only
a favorable opportunity to show their resistance
to the mercenaries who have rendered tbeir
homes desolate.
During the entire night workmen have been
g¿&ed in erecting a battery on the Missouri
side of the river. The moon had revealed the
fact, and a large number of the Lincolnites
have been standing to their guns since tbe
work commenced, anticipating ao attack. The
Missourians are with the South to a man, al-
most, and will soon make Cairo, by interest and
inclination also with the South, too hot to hold
the soldiery. Their battery will command the
town perfectly.
Information has also been received that there
are 300 men at Paducah, waiting orders to
march to take tbe place. This intelligence has
rendered the troops more active. It is also
stated tbat tbe citizens of Columbus have
planted a forty-two pounder on the bank of tbe
river, and are anxiously expecting some steam-
er that has Lincoln's troops on board.
CcRious Statistics.—According to the
American Encyclopanlia, the number of lan-
guages spoken is 4,16-1. The number of men
is about equal to the number of women. The
average of hum in life is about thirtv-three
years. One quarter die before the age of seven.
One half die before seveuteen. To every one
thousand persons, only one reaches one build-
red years, To every one hundred, only six
reach seventy-five years ; and not more than
one in five hundred will reach eighty years.—
There are one thousand millions ot inhabitants.
Of these 33.333,883 die every year ; 91,824 die
every day; 7,780 every honr; 60 every minute,
or one every second. These losses are about
balanced by an equal number of births. The
married are longer-lived than the single, and
above all, those who observe a sober and in-
dustrious conduct. Tall men live longer than
short ones. Women have more chances of life
previous to the age of fifty years than men, but
i ewer after. The number of marriages is in
the proportion of seventy-six to one hundred.
Marriages are more frequent after the equinoxes
—that is during the months of June and Dec-
ember. Those born in the spring are enerally
more robust than others. Births and deaths
are more frequent by nigbt than by day.
The Callittn at Baltimore.
Extraordinary Phenomena.—A number of
residents of Michigan went over to Sombra, C.
W., some time since, and -commenced boring,
some fifteen or twenty feet from a creek, under
the belief tbat oil wonld lie found. When they
had gone down about fifty-seven feet they
struck a vain of gas. On removing their auger
the gas rushed with great force from the aper-
ture, and continued to throw lip dry sand for
ao hour. It then ceased, and the boring was
resumed; but as soon as this was done the gas
rushed up with such violence as to throw the
drill—a piece of iron one and a half inches in
diameter, eight feet long, and weighing fifty
pounds—clean out of thp hole, and jt continued
discharging up water and stones, some of the
latter weighing twenty-five pounds, into the air
a distance of one hundred feet.
The stream widened oat to tbe diameter of a
barrel, after leaving the bole, and tbe quantity
was such as to raise the creek considerably
above its ordinary level, though it is here
about twenty-five feet wide. After, tbe flow of
water subsided tbe gas was fired, and an ex-
plosion took place which sbook tbe ground for
half a mile, and tben continued to throw up a
sheet of flame as high "as the water had pre-
viously gone. The flames could be seen for
miles, and were ultimately extinguished with
great difficulty. It is thought that the oil spring,
for'sucb it proved to be, will be one of tbe best
in the- country.
If war waa not intended, why was a military
and naval Expedition fitted oat, with tbe men
■ad appliances to reinforce and occupy Fort
8«mter at all heard! This waa no
hkmieaion,
The Baltimore Sun, gives the following ac-
count of the reception of the Massachusetts
regiment in that city.
From Gay to South street, or Pratt, tha fight
with the soldiers who marched, or rather ran
through towj, waa terrific. Large pavirg
stones were bnrtpd into the ranka from eyery
direction, the negroes who were about tbe wharf
in many instances joining.in the assault. At
Gay street tbe soldiers firea a number of sbots,
though without hitting any one. After firing
this volley tbe soldiers broke into a run, but
another shower of stones being hurled into tbe
ranks at Commerce street with saeh force as to
knock several of them down, the order was
siren to another portion of them to baltand fire.
Tbey then wheeled and fired some twenty shots,
but four or five shots took effect, tbe marks of
a greater portion of tbeir baila being visible on
the walls of tbe adjacent warehouses, even up
to tbe second stories. Here four citizens fell,
two of whom died in a few. moments, and the
other two were carried off, suppoeed to be mor-
tally wounded.
As -one of the soldiers fired he was struck
with a stone and knocked down, and as be at
tempted to arise another stone struck him in tbe
fade, when be crawled into a store, and pros-
trating himself on tbe floor, clasped his hands
and begged piteously for bis life, saying that be
was threatened with instant death by bis offi-
cers if he refused to ac. ompany them. He said
ooe-half of tbem bad been forced to come in tbe
game manner, and he hoped aU who forced
others to come might be killed before tbey got
through the city. He was taken to the police
''•í™1 V* lua wounds dressed. As soon
as they had fired tbey wheeled and started off
ia a full run, when some three or Tour parties
issued from the warehouses there and fired into
them, which brought down three more soldiers,
one of whom was carried into the same store
with the one above alluded to, and died in a
few moments. The other succeeded in tegaia-
ing their feet, and proceeded on with their com-
rades, tbe whole running as fast as tbey could,
aada running fire waa Kept up by the soldiers
from this point to the depot, the crowd contin-
uing to hurl atenea into the ranks throughout
the whole h*at march.
The seeae while tbe troops were chawing
can waa indescribably fearful. Taants, cloth-
ed in the most fearful language, were horlecí
at tbem by the panting crowd, who, almost
breathless with running, pressed np to th*ear
windows, prsaeatlng kkives and revolvers, and
cursed into the feosa of tbe seldiers. The po-
lice wen thrown ia between the can, aad wr-
Th« Caftdrx of Fort Macon.—a corres
poadent thus describes the manner in which
the-North-Carolina troops took possession of
Fort Macon:
At 3 P. M. a company nf fifty-four landed at
the wharf and proceeded immediately to' take
possession of the fort. The entrance being
clear, we went in,when we were kindly received
by Ordnance Sergeant Alexander, who, upon,
demand being, made immediately surrendered
his command. He wae treated kindly and with
every courtesy bv tbe entire patty. The flag of
the Southern Confederacy now fl >ats over the
walls of Fort Macon, and I assure you that fl.ig
will.be boldy defended.
"John Bünyan's Flute.—The flute with which
John Buñyan beguiled the tediousness of his
captive hours, is now in the possession of Mr.
Howels, tailor, Gainsborongh. In appearance
it loes not look unlike tbe leg of a stool, ont of
which, it is said, Bunyan, while in prison, man-
ufactured it. Wtfeu the turnkey, attracted, by
the sound of music, entered his cell to ascer-
tain, if possible, the cause of the melody, the
flute was replaced in the stool, and by this
means the source of the music was not per
csived. _
Contemplated Attack an Catre.fl
Cairo, April 27.—Passengers from the south
who have arrived bere report that troops are
being raised in Memphis and other points, to
proceed by rail through Columbus, Ky., to at
tack Cairo from the opposite side of tlie river.
tST" Business seems to have almost ceased
throughout Ibe country—north and south—ex-
cept the business of preparing for war. Noth-
ing seems to be doing in the actual receesaries
of life, or arms and munitions of war. Western
produce of all kinds has declined. At New
Orleans, the Crescent of Thursday says, corn
has receded to prices lower than for years past,
and though tbe threatened blockade at Cairo may
check supplies, the stocks throughout the South
are larg3, ample for some months, by which
time tbe growing crops will meet all the wants
of the South.
Tjje story that William B. Astor, of N.
York, had promised to make a present to the
Government at Washington, of four millions of
dollars and to lend ten millions additional—14
millions in all—turns out as we expected—000.
Mr. Astor is not tbat kind of man. It seems
however, from the proceedings of the Chamber
of Commerce of that city, convened in special
session for the purpose of raising money for
war, that Astor was present, and that the entire
amount raised by this large association of heavy
capitalists was twenty-one thousand dollars, of
which Astor subscribed $2,000.
• Fitting Out 1'rivatbérs at New York.—
The New York World, of the 22d inst., lias the
following :
Notwithstanding the unbounded enthusiasm
in our midst, wé are obliged to record that there
are traitors among us. It is said tbat an ex-
United States official is among the number who
are fitting out privateers for the Con federate
States. There can be but little don'it that
there is something in these rumors. Already
Superintendent Kennedy has seized several
vessels on suspicion of clearing from this port
with an intention of going South to oc convert-
ed into privateers.
The New Orleans papers of Sunday
and Monday contains no important telegraphic
uews from the North. It is reported that the
publication of sensation items has been dis-
couraged by the administration at Montgomery.
It may be that some important military move-
ment on the part of the South is about to be
made; and that it is prudent to conceal the in-
cidents attending it, in order to conccal the
general plan, for the present. The New Or-
leans Delta, which has been more pacific thaD
any other paper in telegraphic news, says :
The Confederate Government at Montgomery
extremely reticent resjiecting its warlike
plans and movements. Indeed, as journalists,
we are not permitted by considerations of pub-
lic policy and plain injunctions of patriotism,
to publish much that ive know, directly or in-
directly, cone* rn¡n|pttiooc pinna and movements.
The same restraints apply to our correspond-
ents in the South. They and we most cheerfully
submit to any temporary inconvenience which
this course may impose. The public will no
doubt acquiesce in it with equal cheerfulness,
and await results with hopeful patience ; es-
pecially when conscious that affairs are under
the wise, faithful and efficient administration of
President Davis, and his civil and military sub-
ordinates.
That the Confederate Adminstration is vigor-
ously preparing for a war in earnest, and a war
which shall tell with deadly eflect on the enemy,
we are firmly assured. Though Gen. Beaure-
gard is not at Richmond, as was telegraphed,
but at Charleston, and though there was no
manner of foundation for the absurd report of
his sending an absurd message to Lincoln to
have the women and children removed from
Washington City, it is none the less probable
tbat a well appointed expedition is now being
organized which'will in no long time make a
sudden and effectual dash at Washington City.
Various indications of the week point to a
purpose on the part of the Lincoln Administra-
tion to blockade the chief Southern ports, and
especially New Orleans. The 11th of May has
been named as the date of its commencement,
and we shall then see whether it will exist only
on paper or in the presence of a sufficient fleet
to enforce it.
It is estimated that there are now up-
wards of 100,000 organized and armed men in
the Confederate States, - under orders or anx-
iously awaiting them,'to march wherever their
services may be required. The Mobile Adver-
tiser says that President Davis, within eight
days time, at the farthest, can concentrate
000 of these men—the best soldiers in tlie
world—at ar.y point on the Northern border,
and hurl this splendid army like an avalancbe
upon tbe foe. If tbe battle ground be in Mary-
land or Virginia, as it probably will, the grand
army of the Confederacy ivill be doubled or
trebled by the rallying hosts of those States.
Powder Horíí, Tkxas.
Gcneral Sherman,
Galveston. Texas :
Dear Gen.—Capt. Chubb, of the Royal Y acbt,
promices to take ovei; to you, tbe two pieces of
artillery belonging to your city, which you were
so good as to put at my disposal. The Captain
and tbe Pilots of his association, Johnand John
E. Davidson, have been working for me since
their arrival here, and have- done the State
faithful and efficient service. In truth, I could
not have done without them. They are deserv-
ing of the highest praise, and they should be
marked amongst you as true men to our side
I hope that the duties they have performed for
me, will place them as favorites in Galveston.
Very truly yours,
VAN DORN, Col. Com.
Lawt«k-t-"Now Mr. A-
was tbe fence
alluded to, a good strong fence?"
Uncle Will-" fes, sir."
Lawyer—" Well, what sort of afence was it?"
Unele WiU, (holding in)—" It was a bnncomb
fence, sir."
Lawyer (thinking he had cornered the o
gent)—** Now, squire, you will oblige tbe court
jy giyfng the definition of a buncomb fence?"
UncleWill—"A buncomb fence, sir, U a fence
that is bull-strong, borse-high, and pig-tigbt.
Uncle Will was dismissed from the stand,
and retired with flying colors.
CuiElIDOE WAS THE HEALTHIEST CITY in
Massachusetts last year, the deaths being 1 to
"fT « inhabitants. Springfield was the most
unhealthy, there being one death to 3Í in-
habitants.
To remove oil from a floob.—Cever foe
spot with hot ashes, and continue the process
until the grease is extracted; or, wet the spot
with concentrated lye' as -strong as it can be
disaolved. _ .
Naaaow Esc ara or Gcoroia Troops.—a
portion pf the Georgia troops going Northward
narrowly escaped dtatructton between Wit-
mingir . and Weldoo, North Carolina, by an ac-
cident to a railroad bridge.
(ST The steams hip Texas was to have left
New Orleans for this port on Snnday—having
taken in a full cargo and cleared at the custom
house, on Saturday. On Sunday, towever, as
appears from the Ntw Orleans papers, by order
of Gov. Meore, the vessels belonging to Harris
& Morgan's steamship line were seized, and de
tachments of city, companies were sent to take
charge of tbem. We learn that persons who
had taken passage on the Texas were unable to
procure tbe baggage placed on board, and some
of them came away withont it. One report
says that the vessels were detained under the
supposition that their services might be requir-
ed by the State of Louisiana. Another story
:s that the managers for these steamers at New
Orleans had telegraphed to the steamship Dan
iel Webster, at the Belize, not to proceed to N
Orleans. In regard to tbat vessel, it appears
by the papers that the steamship Daniel Web-
stet, Capt. Minor, from New York tbe T6th inst
arrived at Pass L'Outre bar Friday morning,
about 5 o'clock, and came to anchor. -Capt. M
received orders to proceed to sea immediately:
having about ninety packages of merchandize on
board, consigned to different parties in New
Orleans, and not wishing to carry them backi
he hailed, th; tug boat Tuscarora to oome along-
side and take them on board. When tbey were
about reshipping the freight, Captain M. was
alarmed from shore, and weighing anchor he
put out to sea. This is all that we know about
the matter.
Position of Gt.s. Scott.—Washington, Ap
ril 20. On Friday, a Virginian here, in com-
pany with Robert Ould, the District Attorney,
called on Gen. Scott. The Vírginiau said :
"General, 1 have bere in my hand tbe evi
dence of Virginia's secession. Do you intend
to support your State f
Gen. Scótt, looking' up, very petulantly re
plied :
"No sir; I- intend to support the Stars and
Stripes of my country."— Charlesh/u Mercury.
Capt. Pierce, of the bark Laura, from Port
' au-Prince, Hayti, 15th inst, which arrived Sat-
urday morning, reports tbat on the 7tb inst. tbe
bark William, Capt. Littollier, was captured at
Fort Liberty, north side of the Island, with 70
slaves on board, all in irons between decks.—
He had taken them on board from the Spanish
part of the Island, under, pretence of hiring
them to go to guano islands to dig guano, and
had put into Fort Liberty to get provisions,
when he was betrayed by some of bis crew, who
stated to the authorities tbat he was bound to
the Island of Cuba. Tbe Captain and crew were
taken prisoners and sent to Port-au-Prince by
land. The vessel was kept at Fort Liberty.
Tlie Capture of Harper's Ferry.
About three o'clock on Friday morning the
Virginia troops reached Harper's Ferry for the
purpose of taking possession of the "Govern-
ment works at that place. They found the
two arsenals in ruins and the guns" all destroy-
ed. The factory buildings, however, were not
destroyed. The Government troops, about 70
in number, had been apprised of the proposed
attack, and were fully prepared for it before
any of tbe Virginia troops arrived. One of
(hi arsenals had a slow match placed in con-
nection with kegs of powder, all of which ex-
ploded a short time before the Virginia troops
arrived, blowing up the building and setting it
on fire.
In addition to five thousand Minnie muskets
which were saved uninjured, a large number
were but slightly injured; and about 1700 un-
finished rifles were saved. The buildings were
all fired by the federal troops before their flight.
The approach of the Virginia troops was noti-
fied to the Federal commander by the telegraph
operator of Winchester, who having done his
evil work, fled to parts unknown. When tbe
flames burst forth, the Virginia troops, who
had reached the vicinity, rushed forward and
succeeded in saving the buildings containing
tbe machinery. Two carpenter's shops and
two armories were destroyed,- and the arms
saved were snatched from the burning armories
before the fire became too hot for further res-
cue. Of the sixty federal troops, seven have
since come in as deserters and enlisted with the
Virginia troops. There are about 3000 Vir-
ginia troops in Harper's Ferry, and a splendid
and gallant looking- set of fellows they are.
We are told that on their way to Harper's
Ferry they were everywhere cheered by the
ladies, presented with Southern Confederacy
bannejs, etc., and that the enthusiasm was'per-
fectly wild. The flag of Virginia floats over
Harper's Ferpy. Among the men who rushed
to Harpea's Ferry was a company of unarmed
men from Rappahannock county. When asked
what they could do, they replied tbat they were
splendid fellows for throwing stones.
How tlie World, is Governed.
There are about one hundred separately or-
ganized governments in the world at the pre-
sent time. Nearly one half are monarchies in
Europe: and of these a large proportion are
petty principalities and dukedoms, containing
altogether about six millions of inhabitants.—
Of the governments of Europe, Great Britain
is a limited monarchy; France is nominally
constitutional, but in reality, an absolute mon-
a chy ; Russia and Austria are absolute.—
Prussia, Spain and Sardinia are limited, with
two cl ambers of deputies. There are only four
republics in Europe—Switzerland, San Marino,
Montenegro, and Andora. The three latter con-
tain an aggregate population of not over 120,-
000 people. Switzerland; secure in her moun-
tain fastnesses, is now, by common consent,
left unmolested.
The governments of Asia are all absolute
despotisms. Thibet has the name of being a
hierarchy, but differs in no practical sense from
a despotism.
In Africa, the Barbary States, and all the
various negro tribes, of whatever name, are
ruled despotically.
The great islands In the Southern and Pacific
Oceans are mostly independent aod despotic-
such is Japan, with a population of twenty
millions, and Madagascar,containing about five
millions. The Sandwich and Society Islands
are limited monarchies, and the other islands
in the Southern and Pacific Oceans belong
mostly to the different European powers, and
are ruled according to their respective forms of
government.
THURSDAY, MAY 2, 1861
The Planter mentions fine rains in Bra-
zoria county.
Heant Rains appear to have fallen, of late,
throughout the interior of Texas. Farmers
think that there is now no danger to the crops
from drought.
23F" The Baltimore American states that
Gov. Hicks sent to Col. Butler a protest against
the landing of troops at Annapolis. He accord-
ingly proceeded to the Naval Academy and
landed his men there, over which the Federal
Government has exclusive jurisdiction.
p|* Tbe steamship Texas which arrived to-
day is, we understand, under the orders of the
Confederate States. Capt. Clark and 20 men
of the Continental Guards are aboard as an es-
cort. The line of steamers between here and
New Orleans will run as heretofore.
The telegraphic correspondent of the
New York Herald, at Washington, says, that,
on inquiry at the Postoflice Department it is
ascertained that no measures are in progress
for discontinuing any of the Southern mails.
On the contrary, the contractors from that sec-
tion, recently here, arranged for facilitating the
transportation. The Postmaster-General has
discretion to suspend them ouly in Cases of ob-
struction. :
ISF" The steamship Texas, Charles Fowler
commander, from New Orleans, arrived here
this morning, with the mail and tbe following
passengers:
Mrs Owen & child, Mrs Berry. Mrs Baice A
child, Mrs Whitney & son, Mrs Dyer, Mrs W
V Moore, Steles, Jordan, McMalon, Legur, Von
Ilorten, Capt Van Burén, Lt Malone, CS A;
Wm Morris, Martin, Schmall, Buster, F Hitch-
cock. Bryan, Herndon, Bright, Wigins. Labizan,
Ween, Capt Jenkins, Sthusell, Goodin, Hughes,
Ausbur, Cotton & brother—6 on deck—1 negro.
I3F" The steamer Island City, C. Blakeman
commander, arrived from Houston this morn-
ing with 253 bales cotton and the following
passengers :
Miss Ward, Miss J Stone, Galbraith lady Si
svt., Mrs Auld A daughter, Mrs Wishing A son,
Mrs Golson & Niece, Mrs Elliott, I) Messner,
W A
A daughter,
S Mcl.in, G
W Maybery, McChesney, Plattenbury, Geo.
Goldthwaite, Golson, J A' Kassuth, G Deitchler,
P Anderson, J B McKennon A svt. W H Ward
—1 on deck.
To
PROCLAMATION
The People of Texas.
Advices says that Frederick,Wasbington, and
Allegheny counties, Maryland, are strongly for
tbe Union, and threaten to rebel against the
State, if the State accedes to tbe demands of
the Secessionists.
Whereas, an additional requisition has this
day been received from the War department of
tbe Confederate States, for five thousand troops,
armed and equipped, or, as nearly so as prac
ticable ; and, whereas, the arrogant adminis-
tration of Abraham Lincoln has proclaimed its
intention of invading our soil, and conquering
our people; now, therefore, I, Edward Clark
Governor of the State of Texas, do send forth
this, my Proclamation, most deeply impressing
upon the people ef Texas, the urgent necessity
of combining every effort to effect the immediate
organization of our brave men. Let every
young and chivalric man in the State, bear in
mind, that it is a solemn duty to himself and
to his country, which now invokes his action
and let th; old men gird their armor on the
young, and inspire them with a holy zeal, and
'an inflexible determination, to repel the vandals
of the North, who have already possessed
them.-elves of our homes, and made known
their intention of destroying everything that is
dear to us.
The troops to be organized immediately, are
to.be Infantry, and must be prepared accord
ingly. These are not times for individual pre
ferences in favor of this description of service,
or of that. All good men, and true, will serve
anywhere that they can serve their country.
In every community, where one or more
companies can be organized, let it be done, and
done immediately. So soon as the organiza-
tions are complete, let the fact be reported to
the Adjutant General of the State, at Austin.
Thus will we have, at once, eight thousand
men to defend our new-born, glorious Confed-
eracy, and a reserve force of many thousands
to preserve us, as we have ever been, indepen
dent and invincible.
Given under my hand, and the Great
Seal of the State, at Aostin, this, the
24th day of April' 1861, in tbe Indepen
L. s. dence. of Texas, the twenty-sixth year,
and. of the Confederate States of America
the first.
By the Governor, EDWARD CLARE
Bird Holland,
Secretary of State.
Fraternity Between the Indianians and
Kentuckians.—The people of Louisville, Ken
tucky, and New Albany and Jeffersonville, In
diana, and the citizens of Cincinaati, Ohio, and
Newport and Covington. KyM have resolved to
stand by each other, and maintain their ancient
friendship. The military companies in and
around New Albany have resolved that no fed-
eral troops, nor militia acting under federal.or-
ders, shall cross the Ohio for purposes of ag
gression in Kentucsy; and the Kentucky Mi i<
tary declare that they will resist the attempt of
any troops to invade Indiana. The Mayors of
Louisville and New Albany further agree to
unite cordially with each other to preserve peace
and friendship between the two cities.
TENNESSEE.—Hon. John Bell and Andrew
Ewing declared,'in tbeir recent speeches
Nashville, that tbe separation of the North from
the South was final and irreperabie—that al
the Southern States sbonld unite for the com
mon defense against the " common invading
foe." Mr. Ewing declared for the immediate
capture of Washington City.
A Domestic Incident.—Carlier, a bookseller
in the reign of Louis XIV, left at his death to
each of his children—one a girl of fifteen, the
other a Captain in the guards—a sum of 500,-
000 francs—then an enormous fortune. Mdlle.
Carlier, young, handsome and wealthy, hadnu
merous suitors; one of these, a M. Tíquet, a
counsellor of the Parliament, sent her, on her
feat day, a bouquet, in which the cálices of the
roses Were of large diamonds. The magnificence
of this gift gave so good an opinion of the
wealth, taste and liberality of the donor, that
the lady gaye him the preference over all his
competitors. But sad was the disappointment
that followed the bridal. The husband was
rather poor than rich, and the bouquet that had
cost 45,000 francs (£1800) had been bought on
credit, and was paid out of the bride's fortune.
Tbe revelation of the deceit practiced upon her
was noi tm^ure domestic peace. tiio
ly, moreover, found that in lieu of living in
the style she had expected, she would have to
diminish her own expenditure to provide for her
husband's. She soon solicited and obtained a
separation and the use of her own fortune.—
The husband retaliated by bringing a charge of
undue intimacy between his wife and M. Mon-
george, a Captain in the Guards, and obtained
from the King a lettre de eachtt to confine her
in a convent. Unfortunately for his plans, he
could not forbear triumphing over his victim
exhibiting to her the fatal order. The lady
sprang forward, snatched it from him, and then
threw it in the fire ! Here was an end of his
vengeance. Forewarned is forearmed. The
other side had probably partisans jn power,
and when he solicited a second h ttreJe cachet,
was refused. During these little bickerings,
the loving couple continued to reside under the
same roof, but in separate apartments. This
state of things was finally brought to a climax
a tragical manner. M. Tiquet one night re-
ceived five stabs, of which, however, he did not
choose to die : probably to spite his wife. The
assassin was arrested, and confessed that he
had been instigated to the deed by Madame Ti-
quet. The wife was beheaded ; the servant, who
had been the tool of her vengeance, was hung.
Gems and Jewels by Jldnte. de Harrear.
Tub Jackals of India.^-Rcv. J. M. Tbo-
burn is itinerating in India with a native friend,
whom he calls "Samuel." In the last Pitts-
burg Advocate he has a letler written from
Huidwanee," concluding thus :
The jackals are very píen ty around this vil
lage, and they make the night hideous with
their howlings. A jackal is a little iarger than
red fox, and resembles a fox somewhat, but
more clumsy and wolfish looking. They
feed on carrion and offal, and are not only harm-
less, but really useful in this hot climate, where
such scavengers are greatly needed. Their
manner of bowling is peculiar. They come
quietly around tbe village in all directions,
each running alone, looking for something to
eat, and all keeping very quiet till some one
gives a quick, sharp yelp. Then another takes
up the cry, and then two or three more, and so
on, till it seems that hundreds are screaming in
every direction. One yells like a boy whoop-
iug through the village, another howls like a
mo rning dog, another yelps like a fox, twenty
others scream in a chorus, and finally all join
in an uproar like a thousand cats fighting and
screeching, with a hundred boys looking on and
screaming with delight. At this point tbe up-
roar becomes hideous beyond description. Tuis
lasts for two or three minutes, when all becomes
quiet again, till some one gives the signal for a
fresh howl.
Virginia.—Ou the 25th, Virginia ad pted
in convention the Confederate States Constitu-
tion, and elected delegates to the Provisional
Congress, which meets to-day at Montgomery.
Three U. S. soldiers were killed at Harper's
Ferry, by shots fired on them by citizens, as
tbey were retreating after doing their work of
destruction.
The Richmond Dispatch says that the iron
founders of that city, besides the immense lot
of war material they have already fabricated'
have engagements ahead which will keep them
employed for* some months to come, even ad-
mitting they receive no more orders.
At a meeting of the Galveston City
Guards, last evening, it was voted to change
tlie name of the company to Galveston City
Grays. The organization of the company was
perfected by the election of the following offi-
cers : Captain Eph. McLean; 1st Lieutenant, J.
S. LeClere; 2d Lt., Jas. H. Lockliart, junior; 2d
Lt., Henry L. Flash; 1st Sergeant, George A.
Peck; 2d, S. Jas. F. Louden; 3d, S. J. Beckett;
4th, S. B. Tterman; Color Sergeant, I). W. C.
Stone; Surgeon, ; 1st Corporal E. Parizot;
2d, V. W. Byrnes ; 3d, Chas. Atkins; 4th, Jos.
Aikcu, He< ietki ', Adotpbe Menard; Treasurer,
J. S. LeClere; Armorer, Daniel Manning.
Planting Fish and Oyatera.
w . >•- v
« e remember attaint, old English sermon
in which planting is represented as the original
and legitimate calling of man. The preacher
said that the first thing Adam planted in the
garden was his foot.; and many other¿ have
doubtless made similar beginnings. Those who
write on the subject for papers often not only
put their own foot into the matter, but cause
others to do so too ; yet many valuable discov-
eries have doubtless been disseminated by the
press, greatly to the general benefit. During
the last few years, fish planting has been a
great hobby, and has doubtless led, in many
places, to a great increase in the supply of
good and wholesome food. We have taken no
interest in the subject, because nature has done
so much for this particular locality that any
thing from art would seem like supererogation.
Nevertheless, the time may come when mother
nature may need assistance, even here ; and it
may be that, at present, the area of some of the
finny and shelly tribes can be extended with
profit. A late Paris letter details at a good deal
of length, the operations of this kind which
have been made in France and England. To
such au extent have these operations been car-
ried that the writer says that rivers, lakes and
ponds, exhausted by the improvident greed of
fishermen and the destruction of the young fry,
are stocked from the great raising establish-
ments founded iu various departments, and the
coasts of the Channel, the Atlantic and the
Mediterranean are converted into oyster-
grounds, which threaten, if their tenants con-
tinue to multiply as rapidly as they are now
doing, to ensure a surfeit of that dainty for tbe
entire population of France.
Fish farms, as they are styled, have been
formed at St.Brienne, ArcachoD, the lie de Br,
and in the roadstead of Toulon, all of the same
expedition of a crop as are the fields or phare.
But we have not space for a description of the
mode of fish culture;
The improved mode of oyster culture seems
to be briefly this: The surface of the bottom of
the bay forming the farm, is covered with
fascines, composed of branches of trees strong-
ly lashed together and held down by heavy
stones. Between these fascines the bed of the
sea is pavel with oysters and muscle-shells,
pieces of rock, tiles, fragments of pottery, des-
tined to attract tbe spawn aud afiiird to the
young oysters a surface suitable to the devel-
opment.
Hundreds of acres of the muddy bottom of
bays have thus been converted info oyster
beds. In some cases large associations of capi-
talists and sailors have been formed—in one
instance in France employing 1,200 men, ana
a tract of desert mud, utterly wasted and
worthless a couple of years ago, now boasts a
crop of 378,000,000 of oysters, worth from six
to eight millions of francs.
This new species of enterprise is due to the
inventive genius of the humble fisherman, Ke-
my, promoted by the labors of the M. Jacques
Coste, under the joint auspices of the Imperial
Government and of the Society of Acclima-
tion.
The Belgian and Danish Governments have
delegated the first a professor from the Univer-
versity of Louvaiu, the second a professor from
the University of Copenhagen, to study the de-
tails of the new science under the auspices of
M. Coste, with a view to its introduction among
the fishing population of their respective shores.
The importance of this sudject can only be
ppreciated by those who know nothing of the
extent of the labor and capital now employed
iu the fisheries of the world, and the vast
amount of subsistence now drawn, and capa-
ble of being derived, from the sources indicated.
FROM MONTGOMERY.
War reeling at Fightinc Heal.
Foreign Wlaiswn with ttac
SOUTHERN rONGRKSS.
A Synopsis of President DavU'k
Speech.
_ Montgomery, Apri' 2V.—Congress met to-day.
The President' e d. He announc-
ed the ratification of tile permanent consti-
tution by all the Confederate States, and that it
ooly remains for an election to be held for tbe
designation of the officers to administer it".
says the declaration of war made against
' 1 ® , V0tedt?rat ion, by Abraliam Lincoln, ren-
dered it necessary to convene Congress to de-
T1m,m1?sure8 f°r the defence of the country.
i ne 1 resident reviews at length the relations
heretofore existing between tbe States.
In reference to the result of the mission of
commissioners to W asbington, he savg the
crooked paths of diplomacy can scarcely fur-
nish an example so wanting in courtesy, can-
dor and directness as waa the course of the U.
S. Government towards our commissioners.
He savs" Commissioners have been seiit to
England, France, Russia and Belgium, to ask
our recognition, and make treaties of amity and
commerce.
The President says the Confederacy, through
ice President Stephens, has concluded a Con-
vention with V írginia, by which Virginia has
united her powers and fortunes with us.
He has satisfactory assurance tbat other
Southern States will soon unite their fortunes
with ours.
He says most of the Executive Departments
are in successful operation. The Postmaster
General will soon be ready to assume the di-
rection of postal affairs.
In conclusion be congratulates the Confeder-
acy on the patriotic dev^ion exhibited by the
people of tbe Confederacy. Men of high offi-
cial and social position and wealth were serv-
ing with the volunteers.
The President says a people thus united and
resolved cannot fail to meet with final success.
Montgomery, April 29.—At an election held
to-day for officers of the Second Regiment of
Alabama Volunteers, Hon. J. M. Withers was
elected Colonel, Tennent B. Lomax-Lieutenant
Colonel, and Col. Battle, of Tuskegee, Major.
A large portion of the First Regiment left last
night for V irginia.
The city is full of volunteers, aud tbe hotels
are jammed.
The war feeling is up to the fighting point.
Dr. De Castro arrived here last night, and
says he had an interview with President Lincoln,
and that the Brazilian Minister and all the
foreign diplomats at Washingion sympathize
with the Confederate States.
Tjn.—If there is any one substance mors
than another that has rendered England famoue
throughout the world, it is tin. Camden, the
historian, supposes that this country, from the
abundance of tin that it contains, was called
Britain. In the Syriac language, "varacanac"
signifies "land'of tin;" whencs is derived Brit-
ain. The mention of tiu by Moses, in the 8lst
chapter of Numbers 22d verse, is a proof of its
being known from the tnost remote antiquity.
Long before tbe Christiau era the trade of tin
caused many a vessel to spread its sails in the
Mediterranean Sea, and to cross the Bay of Bis
cay to fetch it from these shores.
The alchemists of old considered tin to be a
mixture of tin and lead, but modern chemistry
proves it to be a distinct metal. About 10,000
tons of tin are extracted every year from the
mines in Cornwall and Devon, nearly the whole
of which is consumed in manufacture of tin
plate ('fer blanc,' or white iron, as the French
term it,) that is, sheet iron coated with tin ; and
it is this substance which constitutes our fam-
ous tin ware, which finds a market from Naples
to Japan, from New York to Eupatoria. Melt-
ed tin Jforms a sort of varnish for iron, and
prevents that metal from rusting; when copper
is coated with it, verdigris cannot be produced.
Tin and lead melted together produce what
is called " Bruaina metal;" of which teapots
and similar domestic utensils are made. It is
owing to a mordant of tin that the dyer pro-
duces the fine scarlet cloth so famous as the
royal and military cloth of this country. In
many other ways we could show how very use-
ful tin is: but it is enough for ns to state that
Engtan 1 is the tin plate manufacturer for tbe
world.— Piesse's Laboratory " of Chemical
Wonders.
llf" Some of our young aspirants for mili-
tary renown do not seem to realize the idea tbat
glory consists in having your name misprinted
after you have been killed in battle. We find
it utterly impossible to paint the laurels that
are clustering on the brows of our youthful
heroes, notwithstanding our best efforts and
the laudable eff irts of ibe recipients, to aid us.
We will do our best, however, and pledge our-
selves to make ample amends for any uninten-
tional slights to the living by setting up steep
obituaries over them after they fall in the pre-
sent contest. In the mean time, we are com-
pelled to make the same request to them that
the hen-pecked husband made to Gabriel:—
" Blow your (own) horn."
No Mobk Vessels from the North.—The
Collector of the port of New York publishes an
order from the Secretary of the Treasury of
the United States, which says, " Grant no
clearances for any south of Maryland till other-
wise ordered."
The Collector at New York gays that he will
not "grant any clearances to ports of the Unit
ed States whera the functions of the federal of-
ficers have been usurped by state authorities ;
and where the authority of the general govern-
ment has been rebelled against and repudiated
and more particularly since a beli(>erent pro-
clamation from the quarter referred to indicates
that the seizure or capture of vessels would at
once give aid and comfort to those now occupy
ing a hostile attitude towards the government
and people of the United States."
JjgT' This, the Third Congressional District
consists of the following counties : Galveston,
Harris, Montgomery, Grimes, Walker, Leon,
Madison, Brazos, Robertson, Limestone, Free-
stone, Navarro, Ellis, Falls, McLennan, Cory-
ell, Bosque, Hill, Comanche, Hamilton, John-
son, Erath, Eastland, Brown, Coleman, Run-
pels, Callahan and Taylor. Rather more than
a "middling-sized District—running from salt
water tj the Indian country, ond embracing
sovereigns of every hue." The Districts are
somewhat like old Mexican land surveys—be
ginning on the water and running back indefi
nitely into the prairies. They thus embrace
every kind of soil and production, and represent
every interest in the same head—a very good
arrangement, under which the merchant, plant
er, grain-grower, wool-gatherer, and " plain
cow-driving mail" are drawn together in one
, common family.
Ti... VÍ..1 :—..._ AamTvau , n .i__
eflécts of the uprising in Maryland has had a
very signal influence upon the population of
Washiugton, aud even officers of the govern-
ment who are convinced of the impolicy of co-
ercion. Resignations in the army and navy
have been very numerous ill the past two
days.
Among the resignations tvas that of Captain
Chifle lie, of Maryland, of the navy, and Mary-
landers holding civil offices had, in several
cases, declined, as Ihev believed it was time for
them to return to their- State. Some had re-
signed promptly. The American says that the
policy of the government is to decline all re-
signations, in both army and navy, and affix a
fancied stigma upon those Southern gentlemen
who will not engage in civil war against friends
and relations—
Intimations had reached various government
officials in Washington, and some officers of
the army and navy, who expressed sympathy
with Southern rights, that arrests for treason
was a thing to be apprehended.
PKOCL.AOTATION OF GOV. HICKS.
Nail Steamer Fired into.
I*. Vork Seventh Regiment Kefusea
to Invade tlie South.
Candidates.—It must not be supposed, from
the scarcity of "authorized" announcements in
the papers, that patriotism has all been absorb-
ed by the military profession, and that there
are none so poor in zeal foe tbe public good as
to be willing to accept of civil office. The fol-
lowing announcements have been made through
various sources ; and it is understood that tlie
parties would not ol¡ject to filling the offices
named :
For (forerjfur—T. J. Chambers, of Chambers
county; John R. Baylor, of Paiker; John
iiregtf, of Freestone ; M. 1). Graham, of Rusk;
Frank Lubbock, of llariis; John 1). Steel, of
Leon; Edward Clark, of Harrison; T.J. De-
vine, of Bexar ; R. B. Hubbard, of Smith ; P.
W. Gray, of Harris ; C. U. Shepurd, of Wash-
ington ; F. S. Stockdale, of Calhoun; E. E.
Lott, of Smith ; E. B. Nichols, of Galveston ;
Sim Hart, of El Paso; and John Henry Brown,
of Bell.
For Lt. Oi/verjwr—A. Ne'son, of Bosque ;
J. A. Wharton, of Brazoria; M. 1). K. Taylor,
of Marion, and John Henry Brown, of Bell.
Land Office—Capt. Stephen Crosby, John
Henry Browu, and 11. J. Jones, of Grimes.
Thus far candidates for Congress are slow in
offering; but they will doubtless not be found
wanting iu number, though wanting office or
qualification.
southern Sympathizer* Driven
i'roin Washington City.
Alexandria, April 29.—Four vessels, two
of which were war steamers and two trans-
ports with Northern troops on board, passed up
the river this morning.
Gov. Hicks, of Maryland, has issued a pro-
clamation recommending the State of Maryland
to occupy a neutral positiou.
The mail steamer Adelaide Bell, of the Nor-
folk line, was fired at' by the revenue cutter
.Harriet Lane ou Friday night last, in Ch s-
peak Bay. After having been boarded by the
officers of the Lane she was allowed to proceed
on her yoyage.
, The citizens who sympathize in the Southern
movement are still compelled to leave Wash-
ington in large numbers.
^ Two gentlemen, one of whom is a citizen of
North Carolina, the other a resident of Wash-
ington, have been arrested and are now confin-
ed as prisoners iu the Capitol at Washington
for having expressed secession sentiments.
The celebrated New Vork Seventh Regiment,
having openly declared that they will not in-
vade the South, are consequently looked u|h.ii
with much suspicion by the Lincoln adminis-
tration.
The 71st New York Regiment, quartered at
Inauguration Hall, revolted on accouut of their
bad quarters, and had to be removed to the
Varv V«r,l
A man by the name of Boyd was shot mi Is-
land Washington on account of his having ex-
pressed Southern sentiments.
He was called from bed at midnight, and was
led, without preparations, to be shot.
Important from Virginia;
Richmond, April 30.—The State Convention
has elected ex-U. S. Senator Hunter, William
Rives, JudgeBrockenborough, Mr. Staples, and
Judge Campbell delegates fsom Virginia to the
Congress of the Confederate States.
Washington.
Alexandria, April 30.—The long bridco
over the Potomac, at Washington, is guarded
on the north side by á large force of Federal
troops, and on the south side by Virginians.
It is reported that the Federal troops are no v
in occupation of Arlington Heights; also, that
a United States steamer is to be oil'Alexandria.
The chartered transport Baltic passed down
the stream yesterday.
Several more arrests of persons have beeu
made.
Families continue to leave Washington in
large numbers.
Among the persons compelled to <juit is
Dan.el Ratclitf, a prominent lawyer.
Gen. Scott is said to be very iutirm.
IStOOO Virginians Under Aruis.
Hakkisbubo, April 27.—Large numbers of
Virginians, mostly from Fairfax county,-have
arrived here, refusing to take the Virginia test
oath .
They report 15,000 men under arms in Vir-
ginia.
Cairo.
The cargo of the C. E. Hillman, lately seize4
near Cairo, consisted of 700 kegs of powder,
350,000 blank cartridges, 200 tons of lead, and
corn, oats and hay. It was valued at $175,000,
and consigned to Goy. Harris, of Tennessee,
at Nashville. The boat was surprised and
boarded by a party of armed men in whose
bauds it uas left.
Theie were 1600 soldiers at Cairo, aud 800
more expected on the next train, which was be-
hind time six hours.
Everything that passed through Cairo, by
Express, is opened by the military, and every
thing relating to war is appropriated.
Up to Thursday morning, Cairo had captured
fourteen case of arms destined for the South.
The feeling of the people at Cairo is repre-
sented as favorable to tbe cause of the South,
but tbey are kept in fear by the soldiery.
The Lincolnites iu St. Louis keepthe sol-
diers at Cairo well informed as to tbe charac-
ter of the freight of every boat which is to
15F~ The Alamo Express says, with refer
ence to tbe report of the Mexican inhabitants of
Zapata County:
"Capt. Noland, who went to the relief of the
authorities, at-Redman's, surprised and defeat-
ed the Mexicans to the number of sixty, killing
nine ar.d wounding two. The Mexicans return-
ed to the opjiosite side of the river and at Geu-
rara demanded arms of the Alcalde to return
and fight the Americans, and the Alcalde is
said to have refused. Cortina is on San Juan
river with soma two or thres hundred men and
daily receiving accessions to his force, and it
is beyond question, the intention of this free-
booter, to again make a raid upon our soil. The
rangers in that portion of the country, in con-
junction with Capt. Donaldson's company, are
thought to be sufficient to repel any invasion."
The San Antonio papers contain very
meagre notices of tbe recent captures of U. S.
troops and trains made at and near that city.—
The Express simply says :
" Davis' train, containing a large amount of
government stores, has been taken. A perfect
god-send to tbe Texas authorities."
The Ledger says : " Col. Macklin, C. S. A.,
commanding this Post, detailed Capt. Jack Wil-
cox, with a detachment of his crack Company,
the Alamo Rifles, to take as prisoners of War,
the United States officers now in the city. The
officers made prisoners, were Col. Carlos Waile,
1st Infantry ; Maj. J. Sprague, 8th Infantry;
Major Nichols, Adjt. General's Department; Bt.
Lt. Col. Chandler, 3d Infantry; Capt. A. T. Lee,
8th Infantry ; Lt. Hartz, 8th Infantry ; Dr. Eu-
trene Abadie, Surgeon ; Maj. McCIure, Paymas-
ter ; Dr. Lantrworthy, Assistant Surgeon ; Capt.
Garrard, 2d Cavalry ; Dr. Joseph Smith, As-
sistant Surgeon ; Lt. Reed, 8th Infantry ; and
Capt. R. M. Potter, military store keeper.
Lt Col. Hoffman, 8th Infantry; Major V in-
ton Quartermaster's Department, and Capt. A.
W. Reynolds, of the same Department, have,
not as yet, been made prisoners.
Capt. Wm. B. Bliir, of the Commissary De-
partment, resigned yesterday.
The Burning of the Ship Ironaidea
Pass-a-l'Outre, April 29.—The ship Iron-
sides, Chase, master,, with twenty-four bund-
red bales of cotton and eight thousand barrels
of flour, bound to Liverpool, this morning was
discovered to be on fire.
They have already pumped eleven feet water
Affairs at Fortress Monroe.—Capt. Elzey
and Surgeon Johns, both Marylanders, station-
ed at Old Point, have resigned. The bridges at
the fort have been taken down, and all commun-
ication between the fort and citizens cut off.-
The garrison numbers 3000-tnen, rank and hie,
all the officers, except three Virginians, being
Black Republicans.
Dr. Banks' son was ordered from the fort,
where he held tbe post of Sutler's Clerk, be-
cause, like a true Vírginian, he dared to resent
insulting language about bis people and sec-
tion.
But the most shameful and unmanly proceed-
ing at that place was tbe summary expulsion of
a defenseless woman. We hear that no offense
was alleged against her except the belief tbat
ber husband or brother was in service at Fort
Moultrie, S. C. Acting upon this, the repre-
sentatives of Abe Lincoln gave her ten min-
utes in which to leave. This liberal and heroic
provision compelled her to retire without even
an opportunity to gather her clothing and other
property, and she is now at the Macon House,
Norfolk. This is characteristic of Black Re-
publicanism. At Hampton and Old Point the
citizens supplied her immediate wants, and
made up a purse to enable ber to reach her i into ber, and hopes are entertained of saving
friends in the South. ' the ship,
S3?" The insurrectionary movement among
the Mexican inhabitants of Zapata county, on
the Rio Grande. The Ranchero very naturally
says, Zapata polled a unanimous vote for seces-
sion, only two dissenting. Then why this tak-
ing up arms against Texas ? We have seen no
declaration of their objects from the insurgents
and it is probable that they have avowed mo
lives which they do not feel, or tliat some of our
far-seeing politicians have supplied the deficit
The Ranchero says that when the insurgents
were in Carrizo tbey threatened to take the
funds of the assessor and collector. There
was also a rumor at Carrizo that Cortina -was
at or near Paso Sócate, a place on the Sai.
Juan river, about a day's ride from the Rio
Grande, with seven hundred horses to mount
men on, and was soliciting los rállenles to cross
the river above him. Some connection is sup-
posed to exist between Cortina and precinct No.
3, Zapata county, which place has taken up
arms against Texas.
The most probable solution of the atl'air is
that the band is actuated solely by tbe love of
plunder and dislike to Americans.
A correspondent of the Richmond Whig gives
the following additional particulars of recent
events at Norfolk :
The shipping destroyed, except the Merrimac,-
(which was a first class steamer, nearly new,)
was of no great value. The Pennsylvania is
no loss, as everybody knows. The Plymouth,
Raritau and Dolphin, had been condemned as
unseaworthy. The Germantowu, though old,
was a fine frigate. She can, however, be easily
raised, as can all the others, without any great
expense. The Pennsylvania is utterly destroy-
ed. The others were burnt only to the water's
edee, having been previously sunk. The Plym-
outh was not burnt at all.
Sbizcre of Southern Bonds.—The United
States District Attorney has seized the blank
bonds which the American Bank Note Company
had prepared for the Southern Confederacy.
Sew York Setts, 18/A.
Five cases of arms, destined for the iSouth,
were seized at tbe Michigan Southern depot in
Chicago, on Saturday.
Military Election at Fort Morgan.—Oa
Wednesday last Harry Maury was elected Col.
of tbe Second Alabama Regiment of tbe Con-
federate Army, stationed partly at Fort Morgan
and partly at Pensatola Bay.
Proclamation of the Governor of
Virginia.
Whereas, seven of the States formerly com-
|Kising a part of the United States have, bv
authority of their people, solemnly resumed
the. powers granted by them to "the United
States, and have formed a constitution and or-
ganized a government for tbemselrea, to which
the people of these States aTe yielding willing
obedience, and have so notified the President ol'
the United States by all tbe formalities incident
to such action, and thereby become to tba.U. S.
a separate, independent and foreign power ; and
whereas, the constitution of the United States
has invested Congress with sole power " to
declare war," and until sucb declaration itt
made, the President has no autLo.-itv to call for
an extraordinary force to wage offensive war
against any foreign Power ; and whereas, on
the 15th inst., tbe President of the United
States, in plain violation of tbe constitution,
issued a proclamation calling for a force of
75,000 men, to cause tbe laws of the United
States to be duly executed over a people who
are no longer a part of tbe Union, and in said
proclamation threatens to exert this unusual
force to compel obedience to bis mandates ; and
whereas, the General Assembly of Virginia,
by a majority approaching to entire unanimity,
declared al its last session, that tbe State ot'
Virginia would consider such an Exertion of
force as a virtual declaration of war, to be re-
sisted by all tbe power at the command of Vir-
ginia ; and subsequently, tbe Convention now
in session, representing tbe sovereignty of this
State, has reaffirmed in substance the same
policy, with almost equal unanimity; and
whereas, tbe State of Virginia deeply sympa-
thizes with the Southern States in the wrongs
they have suffered and in tbe position they have
assumed, and having made earnest efforts
peaceably to compose the difltrences which
have severed the Union, and having failed in
tbat attempt, through this unwarranfed act on
tbe part of tbe President; and it is believed
that the influences which operate to produce
this proclamation against the seceded States
will be brought to bear upon this Common-
wealth if sbe should exercise her undoubted
right to resume tbe powers granted by her peo-
ple, and it is doe to tbe honor of Virginia tbat
an improper exercise of force against ber people
should be repelled : therefore, I, John Letcher,
Governor cf the Commonwealth of Virginia,
have thought it proper to order all armed vol-
unteer regiments or companies within the
State forthwith to hold themselves in readiness
for immediate orders, and upon tbe reception
of this proclamation to report to tbe Adjutant
General of the State their organization and
numbers, and prepare tbemseivea for efficient
service. Snch companies as are not -armed
and equipped will report that fact, tbat tbey
may be properly supplied.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my
hand and cavsed the seal of the Commonwealth
to be affixed, this 17th day of April, 18(11, and
in tbe eighty-fifth year of tbe Commonwealth.
JOHN LETCHER,
© 1,
. ®
Upcoming Pages
Here’s what’s next.
Search Inside
This issue can be searched. Note: Results may vary based on the legibility of text within the document.
Tools / Downloads
Get a copy of this page or view the extracted text.
Citing and Sharing
Basic information for referencing this web page. We also provide extended guidance on usage rights, references, copying or embedding.
Reference the current page of this Newspaper.
The Civilian and Gazette. Weekly. (Galveston, Tex.), Vol. 24, No. 5, Ed. 1 Tuesday, May 7, 1861, newspaper, May 7, 1861; Galveston, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth177498/m1/1/: accessed April 30, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.