The San Antonio Light (San Antonio, Tex.), Vol. 38, No. 23, Ed. 1 Tuesday, February 12, 1918 Page: 4 of 12
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4
TUESDAY
THE SAN ANTONIO LIGHT.
(Founded January 20. ISSI.)
Comprising Th© San Antonio Light and the San Antonio
Gazette.
Exclush© Leased Wire Day Report of the Associated
Press.
Entered at the post office at San Antonio as second*
class matter.
Publication Offices Nos 609-511 Travis Street
between Avenues C and D.
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4 or not otherwise credited in this paper and also the
local news published herein. All rights of republica-
tion of special dispatches herelu are also reserved.
CARRANZA AND THE KAISER.
It has been reported that President
Carranza on the anniversary of the birth
of the German kaiser sent to the kaiser a
congratulatory telegram. The text of this
telegram as published in Europe and the
United States causes President Carranza
to congratulate the German nation on the
successes it has achieved in the war. A
careful translation of the telegram as pub-
lished in El Democrata a newspaper of
the City of Mexico shows that the tele-
gram offered personal congratulations to
the kaiser and did not offer felicitations
on the successes of the German arms.
Both texts however agree that Presi-
dent Carranza assured the “great and
friendly nation” of Germany of his friend-
ship. However the first sentence may
have been translated and construed there
is no mistaking the latter one. President
Carranza has called Germany a “friend-
ly nation.”
In war there are two positions and onh
two that are open to honest men and
honest nations. These are strict neutrality
or open war on one side or the other.
Mexico is a neutral nation. Being a neu-
tral nation her official acts and utterances
should be neutral. She has no right if
she desires to be considered neutral
to express sympathy for either side. If I
she does express sympathy for either side
the other has a right to regard her as a
potential adversary or at least as an un-
friendly people.
The L nited States is engaged in a great
war. She has entered this war with the
highest and holiest of motives. Xo nation
ever went to war for a better cause. No
nation ever had a better right to go to
war.
Germany is also engaged in this same
war. The cause for which her people drew
the sword is the worst for which it was
ever drawn by any people. From end to
end through and through it was utterly
criminal wanton and has been carried
on with a savagery and brutal ferocity
that has never been exhibited on earth
by a so-called civilized people.
The United States has entered the war
for the sole purpose of preserving to man-
kind the right of men to rule themselves
with due and proper regard for the rights
of others. Germany has shown herself
nothing but a homicidal maniac bent upon
destroying what she cannot take by force
and determined that there shall ’be no
right or law in the world but her desire.
As between the two nations that have
gone to war with such widely different mo-
tives President Carranza has seen fit to
declare himself the friend of Germany.
This can only mean that he does not re-
gard the United States in a friendly spirit
/ or " ar whoever is not neutral or a
friend is an enemy. He can stand in no
other attitude and be viewed in no other
light.
It is most deeply to be regretted that
President Carranza has committed so
grave a political blunder. Neither he nor
any other man is big enough to rule in
Mexico without the friendship of the
I. nited States. The physical economic
and financial circumstances are such that
the United States will be the dominant
power of the western world for centuries
to come. She has no desire to interfere
with the affairs of other states but she
cannot tolerate open enemies on her bor-
der. President Carranza by his telegram
of sympathy to the German kaiser with
whom this country is at war has himself
given the United States the right to class
him among her foes.
ANTIDOTE FOR SPIES.
Methods employed by the United
States secret service in searching for spies
and evidence among the passengers of
.he Dutch liner Nieuw Amsterdam seem
.o indicate that at least the federal au-
thorities have awakened to the serious-
less of the situation with which the whole
•ivilized world has been confronted for
nore than three years. According to news
lispatches from the Atlantic port where
iie liner docked the government's agents
ost uo time in making a thorough exam-
ination of the baggage and personal ef-
fects of the passengers. It was a huge
task there being 1000 passengers in the
steerage alone.
This marks a wide departure from the
methods of “spy hunting” employed by
the federal authorities during the earlier
stages of the war. when Germany's human
submarines were in the height of their
activity. Time was when a Prussian spy
almost had to cry his identity from the
housetops' before the government would
arrest him; and if perchance he was
taken into custody his examination was
superficial in comparison with the rami-
fications of the Prussian spy system.
Even after the United States had be-
gun to realize that there was no turning
back from the course into which Ger-
many's violations of all laws of civiliza-
tion and humanity had forced us we were
too lenient with agents from Wilhehn-
strasse. Bombs were placed aboard our
ships and in our shipyards: the sailing
dates of our ships were made known to
commanders of German submarines: mili-
tary information of various kinds was im-
parted to the enemy through channels
that a more thorough guarding system or
even scrupulous. sensible precaution
might have closed.
Our trouble was that we were too trust-
ing. We had too much faith in mankind
—or rather we gave the Germans credit
for a kinship with humanity which they
seem to have lost or to have forfeited
through a natural process whereby all
iniquity is punished.
In contrast with our earlier methods of
dealing with spies the German methods
even those employed during the first few
months of the war. stand out conspicuous-
ly. Persons who were traveling in Ger-
many when the war broke out gave suffi-
ciently detailed descriptions of the Ger-
man system upon their return to this
country to make any wary people set a
strong guard upon every possible source
of information that might be of value to
the enemy. The Germans gave us credit
for greater strategy than we employed
even after we had entered the war. and
before that they took no chances. They
suspected us of schemes as deep laid as
their own.
Our innocence was our handicap dur-
ing the early stages. But now that we
have had time to realize how far-flung i<
the Prussian spy system our guilt will be
of a kind far different from that witn
which Germany was prepared to deal if
we fail to protect ourselves against the
agents from Wilhehnstrasse. A good sign
appears in the way the case of the Nieuw
Amsterdam passengers was handled.
oo
RUSSIA'S WITHDRAWAL.
Russia has done the almost unbeliev-
able. Announcement that she had ordered
the demobilization of her armies without
having first come to terms with the
enemy would be thoroughly incredible
now had she not already done many un-
reasonable things to prepare the world
for this superlatively insane step. Ever
since the so-called peace parleys began
the world of sane folk had feared that she
would make herself either the prey or the
tool or both the prey and the tool of Ger-
many; but this fear was always expressed
with the reservation that Russia might
realize the danger to herself and as her
only means of salvation rejoin her former
allies upon the battlefield. But . Russia
has come under the control of zealots
idealists theorists who are proceeding
upon the assumption that war and peace
are questions of their own mental atti-
tude.
Jn this assumption they are just near
enough to the truth to make their posi-
tion most dangerous to themselves. It
takes two to make a fight but it takes
only one to destroy. A man who starts
in life w ith the announcement that he will
never fight regardless of the provocation
is issuing an invitation to all the world to
hand him a knockout without provoca-
tion.
Russia is preparing to start life anew
in that very way—w ith the important ex-
ception that she is already down with
an enemy standing over her and eager to
finish the job. She had a chance to rise
and hit back and put an end to the
menace; she would not have had to fight
single-handed. Now before she knows
what the enemy is going to do and when
all indications arc that the enemy will
take full advantage of the opportunity
thus gratuitously afforded him she is
without support from a friendly hand.
\\ hat the Russian leaders want above
all things else is peace. The method they
have adopted for securing peace is most
likely to lead to conditions infinitely worse
than war.
If Russia persists in her present course
the Prussians need not sign any terms
affecting Russia except such as the allies
may compel them by force of arms to
sign at the conclusion of the war —pro-
vided. of course that the central powers
may be dealt with in that way. It is pos-
sible that the ending of the war may not
be a question of making terms to which
the central powers will be signatory; they
may simply have to do as they are told
their signed promises having proved
worthless.
Germany has been waiting for just such
a turn of affairs as the Russian demobili-
zation order has provided. The direct
gains for Germany w ill be far more eco-
nomic than military. But in an indirett
way they will have an important military
bearing. With all of Russia’s fightinf
forces disbanded their arms laid asidi
and the soldiers returned to civil life
what will there be to prevent Gcrnt-.n)
from obtaining in Russia whatever Rus
sia may be able to supply for the use o
the military and civilian population of th<
central powers? Objection on the part oi
Russia would be of no avail for sh<
would be powerless physically to protect
herself. If she raised no objection and re-
signed herself to inertness as she could
not but do in the absence of physical pow-
er the advantage to Germany would be
just the same. Whether she gave supplies
to Germany willingly or unwillingly Ger-
many would be enabled to prolong the
war.
From the military side the prospects
are not so discouraging. Even with Rus-
sia definitely out of the war her with-
drawal will not make large effective
bodies of Teutonic troops available for
transfer to the western front. Germany
has other troubles. There is Toland for
instance. Moreover the German troops
that have been opposed to the Russians
are not as effective as the Prussian rulers
might wish them to be. Many of them
have been worn out by more than three
years of campaigning under trying condi-
tions. They were not the best of the
kaiser's fighting men to begin with. The
troops that Germany may shift from the
eastern to the western front as a result
of Russia's action will be largely in the
nature of stop-gaps.
The worst that the demobilization of
Russia's armies can mean for the allies is
that it may afford the central powers a
feeble opportunity to replenish their de-
pleted stocks of food and raw’ materials
for war-making purposes. Unless it be off-
set by an advantage which the allies may
create for themselves. Russia’s definite
withdrawal may have the net effect of
prolonging the war. But it cannot affect
the final outcome.
oo
THE OVERMAN BILL.
The bill which has been introduced by
Senator Overman to regulate certain gov-
ernmental functions during the remainder
of the war and for one year thereafter is
one of the most remarkable bills ever
brought before Congress.
Ihe bill gives the President actually
unlimited powers during the war and
practically authorizes him to do as he likes
with all the administrative powers of the
government with responsibility to nobody.
It calls upon Congress to surrender to
the President all its powers and sub-
ordinate itself entirely to the President.
I he bill which of course would never
have been introduced without the full
knowledge and approval of the President
gives him absolute power to reorganize
and direct the executive machinery of the;
government. This demand is made in be-'
half of the President within two weeks of I
the time when he declared in his reply
to the criticism of the New York speech)
of Senator Chamberlain that the war'
preparations and proceedings were as effi-1
cient and speedy as could be desired. If
this was the fact and we must assume
it to be so since the President declared
it so where is the necessity for additions
to the extraordinary privileges he has al-
ready received? If everything is compara-
tively perfect why change anything?
I he American people is intensely pa-
triotic. It will endure anything and sacri-
fice anything to win the war. All it asks
is results from the sacrifices it is called
upon to make. If the President will show
Congress that he is able to obtain the re-
sults Congress will probably’ give him the
powers he asks through the Overman bill
but Congress should have some knowledge
in the premises. Congress is accountable
to the people and it must not give away
its functions without sonic guarantee of
definite results and definite results arc
almost impossible to assure.
The advocates of the war council arc
anxious for but one thing—to win the
war and win it quickly. If the President
can show Congress that his wav is the
more effective and expedient it is to be
hoped that Congress will give hjjn what
he asks and allow’ him to take all the
credit provided be produces the results.
1 here seems at least to be some
ground of compromise between the pro-
gram proposed by Senator Chamberlain
and the Overman bilk If the President
and Congress will seek this middle ground
and stand on it instead of getting into a
wrangle all will be well. The prime requis-
ite is that our war work should not be
halted or impeded.
Ihe kaiser celebrated his fifty-ninth
birthday the other day. Before the kaiser
is sixty he will be a sadder and a wiser
man.
One good thing about this meat con-
servation is that it w’ill demonstrate
whether there is anything in this theory
that meat causes rheumatism.
I wo soldiers who wounded themselves
to get out of the army succeeded. They
were both discharged from military serv-
ice—and sent to the penitentiary.
oo
Candidates for chaplain in the navy
must preach at least one sermon to Chap-
lain J. B. Frazier of the examining board.
Is Frazier the only member of the board?
THE SAN ANTONIO LIGHT.
At the Theaters
Ixxma Lamar at Majestic.
Leona Lamar. "The Girl With the
-Thousand Eyes” who is headlining
the current Majestic Theater bill al-
lows people in the audience to form
questions in their mind and with-
out their speaking aloud answers
them.
Miss Lamar will hold a special la-
dies matinee on Friday when only
women will be admitted.
There are the usual other acts on
this bill among them being the fa-
mous "Thousand Pounds of Har-
mony” the Primrose Four. Tins
quartet is composed of four jolly
songsters who are well equipped with
loth avoirdupois and comedy.
Fun at Ilie Princess.
Jcrgc and Hamilton "the different
pair" a team of finished fun-mak-
ers. have a prominent place on the
vaudeville bill at the Princess Thea-
ter for the first.part of the week.
Among the other Interstate vaude-
ville features are •'Nothing Doing" a
comedy skit presented by Robert E.
O'Connor and Company; singing and
bright patter by Morely and the two
McCarthy Sisters a trio of singing
comediennes and an equilibristiu
novelty —called "Over the Garden
Wall." which is the offering of the
athletic Myrl and Delmar.
A patriotic photoplay “For the
Freedom of the World" remarkable
for its battle scenes is the added at-
traction.
“Count and Maid"—Royal.
“The Count and the Maid’’ bill-
ed as “ a concoction of mirth and
irelody” is the principal attraction
on the vaudeville program this week
v.t the Royal Theater. Teddy McNa-
mara the chief fun-maker is as-
sisted by Ramee Rivas Helen Trav-
ers and Frank Graham. The piece
is extravagantly costumed and the
chorus is good to look at.
A whirlwind novelty in the air de-
scribes the work of the Four Earles
who have a second of the five Pan-
tages Road Show acts. Georgia
Howard is a violinist who dances as
she plays. Tom Eduards and Alice
McMelville are comedy ventriloquists
and Aileen Stanley is a singer'of up-
to-the-minute songs.
Camp Travis Theater.
A good bill with plenty of beauti-
ful scenery novelty good singing
good music and comedy is offered
this week at Camp Travis Theater.
The Pucks presenting “Melodyland”
have one of the most pleasing acts.
Rernavici Brothers in a musical nov-
elty called “A Night in Venice” have
a splendid offering. Ned “Cork”
Newton and his “Joyland Girls” con-
tribute a “carload of girls fun and
song” to the bill. The Wiseman Sis-
ters both of whom are clever and
one of whom is an exceptional violin-
ist give a pleasing entertainment.
They are San Antonians and will re-
main in this city after finishing their
engagement at the camp. They will
fill an engagement with the sym-
phony orchestra Collins and Hart
burlesque equilibrists start the^show
in an hilarious manner and round out
one of the best camp bills of the sea-
son.
Film Attractions
••Bar Sinister” at Empire.
Although prominent for years as
in interpreter of the spoken drama
md known universally as a success-
ul screen actor few of Mitchell
Lewis’ friends and admirers know
that he has done his bit for Uncle
Sam and has seen actual service as
one of the crew of the Wasp dur-
ing the Spanish War and also as one
of Admiral Sampson’s crew on the
flagship New York.
Unusual attention has been attract-
ed to Mitchell Lewis recently by his
splendid character drawings in “The
Ear Sinister” at the Empire Thea-
ter today and “The Barrier.” In
both pictures Mitchell Lewis shows
a splendid grasp of the character
he portrays and recalls his work on
the stage in “The Squaw Man” in
v hich he appeared in America with
William Faversham and in England
where the play was called “The
White Man.”
“Intolcranco’* al (.rand.
The world-old struggle between
love and intolerance is depicted in
Ain’t It a Grand and Glorious Feelin ’?
four distinct ages in •’lntolerance”
David Wark Griffith’s greatest pho-
to production and the only one he
has issued since “The Birth of a Na-
tion.” This picture is being shown
today and will be shown until after
Friday at the Grand Opera House
with continuous performances dally.
With four complete love stories
linked together by the theme which
gives it its title “Intolerance” takes
the spectator first to ancient Baby-
lon; thence to Judea in the time of
Jesus Christi to medieval France in
the reign of Catherine de Medici and
final!}’ to the underworld of a great
modern city. The scenes are on a
stupendous scale; 125000 actors take
part in them. Among the stars of
’ Intolerance” are Lillian Gish Mac
Marsh and Secna Owens.
William 8. Hart nt Pearl.
William 8. Hart will be sen today
in a Thomas H. lince production
“The Gentleman From Blue Gulch.’
with all-star support. This is one
of the Ince Features that made Hart
famous. In addition to this fea-
ture Dorothy Dalton will appear in
a Triangle production "Wild Win-
ship’s Widow.” Wednesday Hart will
npear again and a special Balboa
feature "A Man of His Word” and
a Rathe War News will be the other
offering.
STRUGGLE AND SOCIAL
PROGRESS.
Struggle has been a necessary
factor in evolution fcays Hurry
Campbell in The Lancet London. It
is the normal condition of every liv-
ing thing save those degraded para-
sites which inhabit the interior 01
their host and pay the penalty uf
their parasitism by a corresponding
degradation in structure and func-
tion; lor it is a primal law of nature
that once the need for straggle is
removed degradation sets in.
Hence one of the great social
problems confronting man in the fu-
ture will be how without having re-
course. to war with all its horrors
to counteract the enervating and
degenerating effects of the ease and
luxury which tend to be shared by a
considerable section of every pros-
perous community. In the perfect
state the conditions would be such
as to render such enervation impos-
sible. Every able bodied person
would be compelled to pull his full
weight in the ship of state —to play
his part in that healthful struggle
which is essential to adequate devel-
opment. Pure parasitism which pre-
vails all too widely among us would
be debarred save in the case of the
diseased and the decrepit. To sanc-
tion it is unjust to the individual
though he may not know it and un-
just to the state.
(In insisting upon struggle as es-
sential to development individual
and national. I do not of course
mean that it should be so severe as
to be.paralyzing. No one would con-
tend e. g. that conditions of ab-
ject poverty can have any other than
evil results).
If 1 am asked how a nation onco
peace and prosperity are secured to
it. is to be kept engaged in bnuing
struggle and prevented from lapsing
into enervating ease I reply that I
have no panacea. This desirable end
can only come through enlighten-
ment. But while so many evils to be
set right still remain within the body
politic while so many social ques-
tions of the gravest urgency press
increasingly upon us while all Eu-
rope has to be rebuilt and its new
world relations to be readjusted it
is safe to say that it will ho long
years before wo shall be in any dan-
ger of relapsing into dreamful ease
and before that time comes the en-
lightening may have come also.
Moreover
Man is not man as yet.
When all mankind alike is perfected j
Equal in full blown powers—then
not till then
• • • Begins man’s general in-
fancy.
All Right in the Morning.
Officer In your brother who sj
dvof any better?
Bridst —Sure lie’ll be all light In the
morning.
Officer —You d< n’t say so.
Bridget—Yc.c ho aas arrested yesterday
and gets his bearin’ in the morning—14'- 1
er pool Port. ’
1
A wool shortage is predicted for
theMJnlted States. It will soon be
B. V. D. time again.
Sometimes it comes to a point
where a family has to choose be-
tween milk and gasoline.
Germans arc said to be wearing
paper trousers. Do they scratch
matches on their trouser legs?
There is no telling where this cruel
war may lead to—fishing tackle is
going to cost double this spring.
&
Wc want to be patriotic but wc
don’t believe we will ever be able to
। cultivate a taste for whale steaks.
The fuel administrator in one
Eastern city has ruled that cabarets
are not amusements. Sonic of ’em
“ain’t.”
The food administration advo-
cates a one-dish dinner. This ought
to make a hit with mother at^ dish-
wash hi g time.
An Eastern teacher declares that
the strongest and most forceful
words are small plain words. There’s :
cuss words for instance.
;
As soon as we got February out
of the way wc expect to open our
annual campaign for a safe and '
sane Fourth of July.
M
Two dresse?; a year arc enough
for a woman according to Okla-|
homa Kate Barnard. Lots of mar- !
ried men will agree with Kate.
One reason why wc are betting on ;
the allies in this war is that they ;
still have food they can eat without
having to disguise it as sausage.
The Sinn Fciners maintain that
there are no real Irish at the Dublin
convention and judging from the :
lack of casualties to date they must •
be correct.
Th© Pedestrian says: While we
need rain it seems hard to again
have to stand on the curb while an
automobile conics along and throws
mud all over you.
The British war office has forbid-
den the sale of shoes over eight
inches high in the interests of war
economy. Oh well they were go-
ing out of stylo anyhow.
A Chicago girl who is seven and
ft half feet tall and still growing is
to undergo an operation to stop her
growth. Which end are they going
to operate on?
We are in favor of a community
garden in which all these experts
on homo gardening and food con-
servation shall demonstrate to us
just how it can be done.
Judging by appearances getting
the U-boats under control must be
like trying to kill off all the mo-
squitoes in a bedroom when the
window screen is full of holes.
If the national army mule skin-
ners really do refrain from swearing
at the mules a lot of those long-
eared animals are going to die of
homesickness for old Missou.
M M
As an experiment some of those
conscientious objectors who are op-
posed to fighting might be taken to
the buttle line and then permitted
to use their own best judgment.
The death rate from automobile
accidents in 1917 was 7.4 per hun-
dred as compared with 5.1 per hun-
dred for five years preceding. Our
chauffeurs are getting more expert
all the time.
A light shower fell in Tx>s An-
geles the other day and ten people
were injured within an hour in au-
tomobile accidents. Everything is
•so awful slippery in Los Angeles.
Copyrighted 1917 by The Tribune Assoc. (New York Tribune.!
FEBRUARY 12 19lir.
Letters to The Light
All letter© to this paper that are
Intended for publication must be
signed by the writer. The name of
tn« writer will not be published un-
less It Is desired. No attention will
be paid to anonymous communications.
Typewritten signatures and those made
with a stamp are classed as anony.
mous. Th© publication ot a letter docs
not nec»ssarlly mean that the policy
outlined therein is endoised by the
publishers of The Light.
WHY OMIT EDUCATION?
To the Editor:
In Sunday's "Letters to The Light”
someone asked. “Why should the
German language be taught In pub-
Lc schools?”
Why should it not be taught?
Just because we are at war with
Germany should we leave out edu-
cation ?
It is true we do not want any
"King William or Kaiser Streets"
L.at do us no good whatsoever but
x am sure we do not want to put
aside the good things that we really
and truly profit by.
A HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT.
DIFFERS WITH “NON-COM.”
Headquarters 343 d F. A. N. A.
Camp Travis Tex. Feb. 10 ISIS
To the Editor:
I have read the letter written by
“Non-Com” and 1 believe that a
few’ hard p^ts on the back would
develop a full grown angel’from his
sprouting wings. He states that he
has been in San Antonio only once
in eight months. He is either a her-
mit or crazy and probably both and
good society would not have him.
1 have been in this city (San An-
tonio) for eleven years and 1 know’
that the people here have done and
are doin£ all that they can do for
the soldiers in and near here and
all that could be expected. And
when this man says that the best
people here cannot and do not per-
mit soldiers to enter their society
he is wrong.
Whenever a man enters the army
and dons the uniform which is in
itself a badge of honor he has sac-
rificed mure than the ones that do
। not go can sacrifice and it is the
I place of all true Americans to stand
I back of him and urge him to make
not only the best soldier that he
can but also to make the best man
he can so that he will not be a
burden and disgrace to society
when he returns to civil life. 1 have
always found that the people of Sun
Antonio are loyal to their country
and to the soldiers and have not only
invited them to enter the best of
their society but have absolutely in-
sisted that they do enter it.
A NON-COM FOR TWENTY-
NINE YEARS.
Camp Travis.
A Descendant of Bums Dead.
Glasgow Scotland—Miss Margaret
Constance Burns Hutchinson who
died the other day in Cheltenham
England was a great-granddaugh-
ter of the poet Robert Burns. She
was a daughter ot a daughter of his
fourth son Lieut. Col James Glen-
cairn Burns who was for a long time
in army service in India and then
settled down at Cheltenham. She
lived there with an aunt Miss Annu
I;. Burns who is still living in her
t Ighty-thini year—tne only grand-
daughter ot the poet who is left. Miss
L’urns Hutchinson was herself like
the poet in appearance and in clev-
erness. Miss Burns Hutchinson
leaves a sister in Australia another
sister in Eatbourne England and a
brother Robert Burns Hutchinson
in British Columbia. It is said there
i£ no person now living of the name
of Burns who can claim to be a dc-
suiendant of the poet. All the <lc-
sccndants have got other names be-
cause they have come down through
the distaff side in some generation
or other and so they only have
Burns as a middle name. This means
that the masculine of the poet is ex-
tinct and that in a ge^nration or two
the name "ill gradually -cease to
appear e’as a middle name.—
Montreal Star.
Another thin?—if all women were born
frvo and equal how Is it that one girl
marri ■ a perfect dear and her stater gets
a perf'et simp?
By BRIGGS
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Diehl, Charles S. & Beach, Harrison L. The San Antonio Light (San Antonio, Tex.), Vol. 38, No. 23, Ed. 1 Tuesday, February 12, 1918, newspaper, February 12, 1918; San Antonio, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1614672/m1/4/: accessed May 21, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; .